{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406201998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527745","title":"Code-Switching ASR for Low-Resource Indic Languages: A Hindi-Marathi Case Study","display_name":"Code-Switching ASR for Low-Resource Indic Languages: A Hindi-Marathi Case Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406201998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3527745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527745","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053844652","display_name":"Hemant Palivela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-6979"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hemant Palivela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Damac Properties, LLC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","Senior Manager, Damac Properties, LLC, Dubai, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-6979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Damac Properties, LLC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Manager, Damac Properties, LLC, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078808994","display_name":"Meera Narvekar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4602-4094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212738717","display_name":"Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4hxn32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212738717"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meera Narvekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, D. J. Sanghvi College of Engineering, Mumbai, India","Department of Computer Engineering, DJ Sanghavi College of Engineering, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, D. J. Sanghvi College of Engineering, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212738717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, DJ Sanghavi College of Engineering, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212738717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056762048","display_name":"David Asirvatham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4266-0184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121928","display_name":"Asia School of Business","ror":"https://ror.org/037hqgd69","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121928"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143550","display_name":"Taylor's University","ror":"https://ror.org/0498pcx51","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Asirvatham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Asia School of Business, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","Executive Dean - Faculty of Innovation &#x0026; Technology, Taylor&#x2019;s University, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Asia School of Business, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121928"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Executive Dean - Faculty of Innovation &#x0026; Technology, Taylor&#x2019;s University, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115819933","display_name":"Shashi Bhusan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashi Bhushan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia","Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063224629","display_name":"Vinay Rishiwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-4949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139858224","display_name":"M.J.P. Rohilkhand University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3nay30","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139858224"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinay Rishiwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSIT, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-4949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSIT, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139858224"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029637826","display_name":"Udit Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4353-0274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086089","display_name":"JRE Group of Institutions","ror":"https://ror.org/00gyygy85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086089"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Udit Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSA, RBMI Group of Institutions, Bareilly, India","Dean, Department of CSA, RBMI Group of Institutions, Bareilly, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4353-0274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSA, RBMI Group of Institutions, Bareilly, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dean, Department of CSA, RBMI Group of Institutions, Bareilly, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053844652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.3532,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96733565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"9171","last_page":"9198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9684000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marathi","display_name":"Marathi","score":0.9468116760253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hindi","display_name":"Hindi","score":0.9100073575973511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7786083221435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4504842758178711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4191572666168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3262374997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.19313770532608032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776844415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571","display_name":"Marathi","level":2,"score":0.9468116760253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519982507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568","display_name":"Hindi","level":2,"score":0.9100073575973511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7786083221435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4504842758178711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4191572666168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3262374997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.19313770532608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3527745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:56b5090052d74ece9be28d2393fef16c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/56b5090052d74ece9be28d2393fef16c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 9171-9198 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3527745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G145681320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IVERSON/2018/SOCIT/001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326417","funder_display_name":"Taylor\u2019s University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326417","display_name":"Taylor\u2019s University","ror":"https://ror.org/0498pcx51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1951971685","https://openalex.org/W2933138175","https://openalex.org/W2936774411","https://openalex.org/W3016010032","https://openalex.org/W3096032230","https://openalex.org/W3159247493","https://openalex.org/W3165404421","https://openalex.org/W3169886469","https://openalex.org/W3196419581","https://openalex.org/W3197834267","https://openalex.org/W3209059054","https://openalex.org/W3212880672","https://openalex.org/W4210366248","https://openalex.org/W4224979832","https://openalex.org/W4226246059","https://openalex.org/W4226337077","https://openalex.org/W4285144981","https://openalex.org/W4312782045","https://openalex.org/W4313057431","https://openalex.org/W4317564564","https://openalex.org/W4323526501","https://openalex.org/W4372259843","https://openalex.org/W4372271612","https://openalex.org/W4383960478","https://openalex.org/W4385572536","https://openalex.org/W4385822563","https://openalex.org/W4385822583","https://openalex.org/W4385823064","https://openalex.org/W4385823357","https://openalex.org/W4387187790","https://openalex.org/W4388820416","https://openalex.org/W4391021683","https://openalex.org/W4391631670","https://openalex.org/W4391932521","https://openalex.org/W4392355216","https://openalex.org/W4392902746","https://openalex.org/W4392943573","https://openalex.org/W4393406253","https://openalex.org/W4394782967","https://openalex.org/W4401415216","https://openalex.org/W4401752655","https://openalex.org/W4404410605","https://openalex.org/W6769263558","https://openalex.org/W6775139554","https://openalex.org/W6780218876","https://openalex.org/W6845909150","https://openalex.org/W6849882210","https://openalex.org/W6852292316","https://openalex.org/W6855219019","https://openalex.org/W6861269017","https://openalex.org/W6868703450","https://openalex.org/W6869513679","https://openalex.org/W6871033545","https://openalex.org/W6873308315","https://openalex.org/W6873373424","https://openalex.org/W6873547831","https://openalex.org/W6874429657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2336638260","https://openalex.org/W4309803833","https://openalex.org/W4386103000","https://openalex.org/W4321480256","https://openalex.org/W3119657211","https://openalex.org/W2784413230","https://openalex.org/W637185019","https://openalex.org/W4402683180","https://openalex.org/W2913221509","https://openalex.org/W2889368306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,65,130],"work":[1,131],"examines":[2],"the":[3,68,117,123,145,191,197],"development":[4],"of":[5,71,119,125,160,180],"Automatic":[6],"Speech":[7],"Recognition":[8],"(ASR)":[9],"systems":[10,95,107,166,182],"for":[11,44,73,153],"low-resource":[12,39],"languages,":[13,75],"focusing":[14],"on":[15],"Hindi":[16,154],"and":[17,22,86,101,122,136,155,163,196],"Marathi,":[18],"particularly":[19,54],"in":[20,51,148,174],"multilingual":[21,52,164,169],"code-switching":[23],"environments.":[24],"ASR":[25,72,94,151,165],"systems,":[26],"which":[27,202],"convert":[28],"spoken":[29],"language":[30,99],"into":[31],"text,":[32],"face":[33],"significant":[34],"challenges":[35,48,147],"when":[36],"applied":[37],"to":[38,103,109,116,143],"languages":[40,61],"with":[41,112],"limited":[42],"data":[43,114],"training":[45],"models.":[46],"These":[47],"are":[49,171],"exacerbated":[50],"settings,":[53],"during":[55],"code-switching,":[56],"where":[57],"speakers":[58],"alternate":[59],"between":[60],"within":[62],"a":[63],"conversation.":[64],"paper":[66],"underscores":[67],"current":[69,134],"state":[70],"Indic":[74],"highlighting":[76],"linguistic":[77,104,176],"complexities":[78],"such":[79,189],"as":[80,93,190],"diverse":[81],"sentence":[82],"structures,":[83],"phonetic":[84,120],"variety,":[85],"frequent":[87],"code-switching.":[88],"Code-switching":[89],"introduces":[90],"additional":[91],"challenges,":[92],"must":[96],"rapidly":[97],"identify":[98],"boundaries":[100],"adapt":[102],"shifts.":[105],"Present":[106],"struggle":[108],"perform":[110],"adequately":[111],"code-switched":[113],"due":[115],"complexity":[118],"structures":[121],"lack":[124],"comprehensive,":[126],"annotated":[127],"speech":[128],"corpora.":[129],"critically":[132],"evaluates":[133],"methods":[135],"proposes":[137],"improvements":[138],"using":[139,186],"modern":[140],"deep-learning":[141],"techniques":[142],"address":[144],"primary":[146],"developing":[149],"efficient":[150],"models":[152],"Marathi.":[156],"Moreover,":[157],"performance":[158,187],"comparisons":[159],"monolingual,":[161],"bilingual,":[162],"indicate":[167],"that":[168],"approaches":[170],"more":[172],"effective":[173],"managing":[175],"diversity.":[177],"The":[178],"efficacy":[179],"these":[181],"can":[183],"be":[184],"evaluated":[185],"metrics":[188],"Phoneme":[192],"Error":[193,199],"Rate":[194,200],"(PER)":[195],"Word":[198],"(WER),":[201],"assess":[203],"word":[204],"recognition":[205],"accuracy.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
