{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406158002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527205","title":"Machine Learning Approach to Predict the DC Bias for Adaptive OFDM Transmission in Indoor Li-Fi Applications","display_name":"Machine Learning Approach to Predict the DC Bias for Adaptive OFDM Transmission in Indoor Li-Fi Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406158002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3527205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527205","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marwah T. Salman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9909-8055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39498419","display_name":"University of Wasit","ror":"https://ror.org/02ee2t316","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39498419"]}],"countries":["GB","IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marwah T. Salman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","School of Engineering, Wasit University, Wasit, Iraq","School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9909-8055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Wasit University, Wasit, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39498419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038721296","display_name":"D. R. Siddle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R. Siddle","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-5610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092486015","display_name":"Amadi Gabriel Udu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8944-4940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131952115","display_name":"Kaduna Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/00f3apt60","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131952115"]}],"countries":["GB","NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amadi G. Udu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8944-4940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131952115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349","https://openalex.org/I39498419"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.9397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95695912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"9627","last_page":"9641"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7147936820983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.5952147841453552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5688022375106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34525877237319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3251228332519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2504749596118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1980816125869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.06722575426101685}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7147936820983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.5952147841453552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5688022375106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34525877237319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3251228332519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2504749596118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1980816125869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.06722575426101685}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3527205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41f3b04f7e54413bb9edee0e1e2c229c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41f3b04f7e54413bb9edee0e1e2c229c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 9627-9641 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3527205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3527205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326118","display_name":"Higher Committee for Education Development in Iraq","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548456457","https://openalex.org/W1983865151","https://openalex.org/W2000012224","https://openalex.org/W2002571640","https://openalex.org/W2005598207","https://openalex.org/W2030705243","https://openalex.org/W2078853936","https://openalex.org/W2092787949","https://openalex.org/W2113794485","https://openalex.org/W2127063715","https://openalex.org/W2170466379","https://openalex.org/W2188514886","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2533918025","https://openalex.org/W2562947506","https://openalex.org/W2565742064","https://openalex.org/W2606294965","https://openalex.org/W2740113900","https://openalex.org/W2750936674","https://openalex.org/W2771125085","https://openalex.org/W2776562627","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2793350103","https://openalex.org/W2906011407","https://openalex.org/W2911293045","https://openalex.org/W2916097162","https://openalex.org/W2944482686","https://openalex.org/W2946364249","https://openalex.org/W2962291207","https://openalex.org/W2964101383","https://openalex.org/W2984432074","https://openalex.org/W2987201163","https://openalex.org/W2999841413","https://openalex.org/W3005621663","https://openalex.org/W3015602490","https://openalex.org/W3022040769","https://openalex.org/W3036022048","https://openalex.org/W3044562761","https://openalex.org/W3108055562","https://openalex.org/W3126159367","https://openalex.org/W3126546055","https://openalex.org/W3144872893","https://openalex.org/W3161393932","https://openalex.org/W3167058342","https://openalex.org/W3182706339","https://openalex.org/W3215521550","https://openalex.org/W4212838433","https://openalex.org/W4289824324","https://openalex.org/W4296079469","https://openalex.org/W4308094647","https://openalex.org/W4385948499","https://openalex.org/W4392584376","https://openalex.org/W4399570677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multilevel":[0],"quadrature":[1],"amplitude":[2],"modulation":[3],"(M-QAM)":[4],"combined":[5],"with":[6,201],"DC-bias":[7],"in":[8,233,243,273],"optical":[9,65],"orthogonal":[10],"frequency":[11],"division":[12],"multiplexing":[13],"(DCO-OFDM)":[14],"offers":[15],"a":[16,30,120,175,229,262],"spectrally":[17],"efficient":[18],"solution":[19,264],"and":[20,106,114,140,193,207],"adaptive":[21,98,222,234],"transmission":[22,74,179,250],"rates":[23,251],"for":[24,160,171,210,265],"indoor":[25,274],"light-fidelity":[26],"(Li-Fi)":[27],"systems.":[28],"However,":[29],"significant":[31,168],"challenge":[32],"posed":[33],"by":[34,84],"the":[35,39,43,50,53,73,85,89,127,133,137,157,162,183,217,238,266],"DCO-OFDM":[36,235],"scheme":[37],"is":[38,82,109],"additional":[40],"power":[41,66,254],"of":[42,52,136,178,188,205,214,220,240,270],"DC":[44,90,103,129,172,223,231],"bias":[45,104,130,173,224,232],"required":[46],"to":[47,64,88,96,111,125,155,228],"ensure":[48],"that":[49,71],"amplitudes":[51],"transmitted":[54],"signals":[55,60],"are":[56,61],"nonnegative.":[57],"These":[58,259],"biased":[59],"clipped":[62],"according":[63],"constraints,":[67],"imposing":[68],"clipping":[69,107,246],"noise":[70,247],"affects":[72],"bit":[75],"error":[76],"rate":[77],"(BER).":[78],"This":[79,117],"performance":[80,219],"degradation":[81],"conditioned":[83],"adjustments":[86],"made":[87],"bias,":[91],"which":[92],"requires":[93],"continuous":[94],"modification":[95],"support":[97,194],"transmission.":[99],"Therefore,":[100],"simultaneously":[101],"addressing":[102],"optimization":[105],"mitigation":[108],"essential":[110],"provide":[112,261],"reliable":[113],"power-efficient":[115],"transmissions.":[116],"paper":[118],"proposes":[119],"machine":[121],"learning":[122],"(ML)":[123],"approach":[124,225,242],"predict":[126],"optimum":[128],"based":[131],"on":[132,186],"statistical":[134],"properties":[135],"OFDM":[138],"signal":[139],"system":[141],"characteristics.":[142],"A":[143],"robust":[144],"ML":[145],"regressor":[146,191,196],"selection":[147],"process":[148],"using":[149],"LazyPredict":[150],"algorithm":[151],"(LPA)":[152],"was":[153,226],"employed":[154],"identify":[156],"optimal":[158],"regressors":[159],"developing":[161],"predictive":[163],"model.":[164],"The":[165],"model":[166],"demonstrated":[167,198],"prediction":[169],"accuracy":[170],"across":[174],"wide":[176],"range":[177],"settings.":[180],"In":[181],"particular,":[182],"models":[184],"built":[185],"variants":[187],"gradient":[189],"boosting":[190],"(GBR)":[192],"vector":[195],"(SVR)":[197],"superior":[199],"performance,":[200],"R-squared":[202],"evaluation":[203],"scores":[204],"0.9792":[206],"0.9225,":[208],"respectively,":[209],"two":[211],"different":[212],"set":[213],"features.":[215],"Furthermore,":[216],"BER":[218],"our":[221,241],"compared":[227],"fixed":[230],"transmission,":[236],"demonstrating":[237],"superiority":[239],"effectively":[244],"mitigating":[245],"at":[248,256],"high":[249],"while":[252],"maintaining":[253],"efficiency":[255],"lower":[257],"rates.":[258],"results":[260],"promising":[263],"future":[267],"practical":[268],"deployment":[269],"Li-Fi":[271],"systems":[272],"applications.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}