{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405778891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3523230","title":"Two Symbol Expansion Methods and Their Application to Reversible Data Hiding","display_name":"Two Symbol Expansion Methods and Their Application to Reversible Data Hiding","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405778891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3523230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3523230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3523230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3523230","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008113667","display_name":"Hyoung Joong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-6660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162706563","display_name":"Hoseo University","ror":"https://ror.org/01qyd4k24","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162706563"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyoung Joong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Finance Management, Hoseo University, Asan-si, South Korea","Department of Digital Finance Management, Hoseo University, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-6660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Finance Management, Hoseo University, Asan-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162706563"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Finance Management, Hoseo University, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162706563"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Changhee Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0289-6561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhee Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Computer Science, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0289-6561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000989683","display_name":"Sang-ug Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7588-5507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Ug Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Computer Science, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7134-6295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2044,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52164647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"6250","last_page":"6261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.675980806350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbol","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","score":0.5726560354232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.517704963684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43219467997550964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32327455282211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30757248401641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.1344306468963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08598101139068604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.675980806350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134400042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372244","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","level":2,"score":0.5726560354232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.517704963684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43219467997550964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32327455282211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30757248401641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.1344306468963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08598101139068604}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3523230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3523230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1f272d5d076d4b86b14508adee00c77e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1f272d5d076d4b86b14508adee00c77e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 6250-6261 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3523230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3523230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3999921793","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024-0014-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321369","funder_display_name":"Hoseo University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5655460616","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1A2C1004674","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321369","display_name":"Hoseo University","ror":"https://ror.org/01qyd4k24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963633095","https://openalex.org/W1974641035","https://openalex.org/W1981454723","https://openalex.org/W1990962661","https://openalex.org/W2017091664","https://openalex.org/W2070482985","https://openalex.org/W2106950225","https://openalex.org/W2121036560","https://openalex.org/W2121393355","https://openalex.org/W2132971215","https://openalex.org/W2135459805","https://openalex.org/W2146913416","https://openalex.org/W2162434844","https://openalex.org/W2403682575","https://openalex.org/W2494244364","https://openalex.org/W2509384312","https://openalex.org/W2544590156","https://openalex.org/W2560016511","https://openalex.org/W2899516348","https://openalex.org/W3130446996","https://openalex.org/W3210545143","https://openalex.org/W4238963040","https://openalex.org/W4400236367","https://openalex.org/W4400387492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170577885","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2389793738","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W4398199422","https://openalex.org/W2376208682","https://openalex.org/W2924107927","https://openalex.org/W2368886944","https://openalex.org/W4390358280","https://openalex.org/W2611966483"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"reversible":[1,18],"data":[2,19,66],"hiding,":[3],"image":[4],"quality":[5],"preservation":[6],"and":[7,34,48,94],"embedding":[8],"capacity":[9],"are":[10],"of":[11,25,102,122,134],"utmost":[12],"importance.":[13],"This":[14],"paper":[15],"proposes":[16],"two":[17,77],"hiding":[20],"methods":[21,137],"that":[22,133,138],"utilize":[23],"symbolization":[24],"correlations":[26],"between":[27,87],"adjacent":[28,78],"pixels:":[29],"1)":[30],"Haar":[31,45],"transform":[32],"representation":[33],"2)":[35],"pixel":[36,42],"concatenation.":[37],"First,":[38],"we":[39],"convert":[40],"the":[41,50,60,64,85,88,95,115,123],"value":[43],"into":[44],"transformed":[46],"coefficients":[47],"use":[49],"symbol":[51,72],"given":[52],"by":[53,75],"each":[54],"pair":[55],"as":[56],"a":[57,71],"domain":[58,73],"for":[59],"histogram":[61,117],"in":[62,91],"which":[63,109],"secret":[65],"should":[67],"be":[68],"embedded.":[69],"Second,":[70],"created":[74],"concatenating":[76],"pixels":[79,90],"was":[80],"used.":[81],"Both":[82],"algorithms":[83],"exploit":[84],"similarity":[86],"neighboring":[89],"an":[92,99],"image,":[93],"experimental":[96],"results":[97],"demonstrate":[98],"average":[100],"PSNR":[101],"<inline-formula":[103],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[104],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[105],"<tex-math":[106],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$64.1dB$":[107],"</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[108],"is":[110,127],"11.6%":[111],"higher":[112],"compared":[113],"to":[114,129],"original":[116],"shifting":[118],"method.":[119],"The":[120],"performance":[121],"proposed":[124],"simple":[125],"method":[126],"comparable":[128],"or":[130],"better":[131],"than":[132],"more":[135],"advanced":[136],"rely":[139],"on":[140],"computationally":[141],"complex":[142],"prediction":[143],"techniques.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
