{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405600737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520428","title":"SFSCDNet: A Deep Learning Model With Spatial Flow-Based Semantic Change Detection From Bi-Temporal Satellite Images","display_name":"SFSCDNet: A Deep Learning Model With Spatial Flow-Based Semantic Change Detection From Bi-Temporal Satellite Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405600737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3520428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520428","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000526491","display_name":"K. S. Basavaraju","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42014448","display_name":"Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat","ror":"https://ror.org/02y394t43","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42014448"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. S. Basavaraju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2755-595X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225","https://openalex.org/I42014448"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066583080","display_name":"N Sravya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42014448","display_name":"Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat","ror":"https://ror.org/02y394t43","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42014448"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Sravya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3823-1908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225","https://openalex.org/I42014448"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107181460","display_name":"Vibha Damodara Kevala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42014448","display_name":"Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat","ror":"https://ror.org/02y394t43","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42014448"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vibha Damodara Kevala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225","https://openalex.org/I42014448"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000528488","display_name":"Shilpa Suresh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1796-5995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shilpa Suresh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, Karnataka, India","Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1796-5995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089651751","display_name":"Shyam Lal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4355-6354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42014448","display_name":"Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat","ror":"https://ror.org/02y394t43","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42014448"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shyam Lal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4355-6354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225","https://openalex.org/I42014448"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.8328,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88087705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"195032","last_page":"195053"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9532999992370605,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9532999992370605,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9498999714851379,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.9117000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7379624247550964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5990254878997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5336469411849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4665515124797821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.42789506912231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.397309809923172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15424981713294983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7379624247550964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5990254878997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5336469411849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4665515124797821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.42789506912231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.397309809923172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15424981713294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3520428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b806600ed665468fbff06981b8539173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b806600ed665468fbff06981b8539173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 195032-195053 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3520428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1669730594","https://openalex.org/W1987458606","https://openalex.org/W2094202273","https://openalex.org/W2098594213","https://openalex.org/W2104374858","https://openalex.org/W2118116484","https://openalex.org/W2193879634","https://openalex.org/W2221448138","https://openalex.org/W2564140372","https://openalex.org/W2792827505","https://openalex.org/W2800388963","https://openalex.org/W2896365540","https://openalex.org/W2966542792","https://openalex.org/W2991488782","https://openalex.org/W2997043451","https://openalex.org/W3009942016","https://openalex.org/W3027225766","https://openalex.org/W3036453075","https://openalex.org/W3048064159","https://openalex.org/W3180045188","https://openalex.org/W3183600011","https://openalex.org/W3193414609","https://openalex.org/W3194467570","https://openalex.org/W3194968429","https://openalex.org/W3198880785","https://openalex.org/W3202757651","https://openalex.org/W3217456364","https://openalex.org/W4226228401","https://openalex.org/W4226361741","https://openalex.org/W4285243313","https://openalex.org/W4293193635","https://openalex.org/W4297883960","https://openalex.org/W4312851282","https://openalex.org/W4318767292","https://openalex.org/W4362733684","https://openalex.org/W4376481113","https://openalex.org/W4378804791","https://openalex.org/W4386299129","https://openalex.org/W4387802026","https://openalex.org/W4387803180","https://openalex.org/W4389104779","https://openalex.org/W4391547940","https://openalex.org/W4391594009","https://openalex.org/W4392719508","https://openalex.org/W4392909631","https://openalex.org/W4394585841","https://openalex.org/W4394595673","https://openalex.org/W4394944612","https://openalex.org/W4394981673","https://openalex.org/W4400297047","https://openalex.org/W6726983090","https://openalex.org/W6738534199","https://openalex.org/W6739622702","https://openalex.org/W6745410505","https://openalex.org/W6750964650"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W2013329914","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W2392383081","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Semantic":[0,61],"change":[1,87,112,140,170,217],"detection":[2,88,113,171,218],"in":[3,11,38,109,192,198,206,213],"remote":[4],"sensing":[5],"imagery":[6],"plays":[7],"a":[8,54,72,153,160,175,189,195,203,210],"pivotal":[9],"role":[10],"urban":[12],"planning,":[13],"environmental":[14],"monitoring,":[15],"and":[16,35,104,137,141,165,209,240],"disaster":[17],"assessment":[18],"applications.":[19],"Existing":[20],"deep":[21],"learning-based":[22],"methods,":[23],"particularly":[24],"those":[25],"relying":[26],"on":[27,120],"triple-branch":[28],"architectures,":[29],"often":[30],"struggle":[31],"to":[32,133,220],"accurately":[33],"localize":[34,134],"predict":[36],"changes":[37,136],"complex":[39],"spatial":[40,79],"environments":[41],"characterized":[42],"by":[43],"diverse":[44],"land-cover":[45],"types.":[46],"To":[47],"overcome":[48],"these":[49,229],"limitations,":[50],"this":[51],"paper":[52],"proposes":[53],"novel":[55],"network":[56,66,83,119,146,227],"called":[57],"the":[58,121,126,131,221,225],"Spatial":[59],"Flow-based":[60],"Change":[62],"Detection":[63],"Network.":[64],"This":[65],"processes":[67],"bi-temporal":[68],"satellite":[69],"images":[70],"using":[71],"dual-encoder,":[73],"triple-decoder":[74],"architecture":[75],"that":[76,125],"progressively":[77],"refines":[78],"features":[80],"at":[81],"each":[82],"stage,":[84],"improving":[85,110],"semantic":[86,111,169,216],"results.":[89],"The":[90,144],"Attention-Based":[91],"Siamese":[92],"Encoder,":[93],"Cascaded":[94,99],"Convolutional":[95,100],"Attention":[96,101],"Fusion":[97],"Block,":[98],"Refinement":[102],"Block":[103],"Differentiable":[105],"Binarization":[106],"layer":[107],"helps":[108],"performance.":[114],"Experimental":[115],"results":[116,180,230],"of":[117,151,158,163,172,177],"proposed":[118,127,145,226],"SECOND":[122],"dataset":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"model":[128],"significantly":[129],"improves":[130],"ability":[132],"critical":[135],"distinguish":[138],"between":[139],"no-change":[142],"regions.":[143],"achieves":[147,228],"an":[148,166],"overall":[149,193],"accuracy":[150],"86.32%,":[152],"mean":[154,199],"Intersection":[155,200],"over":[156,184,201,247],"Union":[157],"70.33%,":[159],"Separated":[161,207],"Kappa":[162],"21.21%,":[164],"F1-score":[167,214],"for":[168,215],"66.01%,":[173],"with":[174,231],"score":[176],"35.94%.":[178],"These":[179],"represent":[181],"substantial":[182],"improvements":[183],"previous":[185],"state-of-the-art":[186],"models,":[187],"including":[188],"0.26%":[190],"increase":[191,197],"accuracy,":[194],"2.21%":[196],"Union,":[202],"2.62%":[204],"enhancement":[205],"Kappa,":[208],"3.6%":[211],"improvement":[212],"compared":[219],"best-performing":[222],"models.":[223],"Notably,":[224],"only":[232],"14.56":[233],"million":[234,249],"parameters,":[235],"making":[236],"it":[237],"more":[238],"effective":[239],"efficient":[241],"than":[242],"its":[243],"competitors,":[244],"which":[245],"utilize":[246],"22":[248],"parameters.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}