{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405600688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520327","title":"Robust Classification of Smartphone Captured Handwritten Document Images Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Robust Classification of Smartphone Captured Handwritten Document Images Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405600688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3520327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520327","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022223377","display_name":"K S Koushik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. S. Koushik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, India","Department of Computer Science, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-9947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041884345","display_name":"B J Bipin Nair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4592-4947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. J. Bipin Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, India","Department of Computer Science, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4592-4947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010229047","display_name":"N. Shobha Rani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4882-1919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885392262","display_name":"GITAM University","ror":"https://ror.org/0440p1d37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Shobha Rani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, GITAM School of Technology, Bengaluru, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India","Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, GITAM School of Technology, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4882-1919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, GITAM School of Technology, Bengaluru, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, GITAM School of Technology, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020843630","display_name":"Mohammed Javed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3019-7401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26072440","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad","ror":"https://ror.org/03rgjt374","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad (IIIT-Allahabad), Allahabad, India","Department of IT, IIIT, Allahabad, INDIA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3019-7401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad (IIIT-Allahabad), Allahabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT, IIIT, Allahabad, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26072440"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022223377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9269,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77209246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"14922","last_page":"14948"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8276055455207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6559264063835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4803239405155182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4521862864494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44577857851982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4403834640979767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36854684352874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35033196210861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15620529651641846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8276055455207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6559264063835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4803239405155182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4521862864494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44577857851982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4403834640979767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36854684352874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35033196210861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15620529651641846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3520327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b3734a2a1f144d56be23b431fcf61641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b3734a2a1f144d56be23b431fcf61641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 14922-14948 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3520327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990392005","https://openalex.org/W2051442094","https://openalex.org/W2156332201","https://openalex.org/W2586833486","https://openalex.org/W2769937543","https://openalex.org/W2787331966","https://openalex.org/W2935850585","https://openalex.org/W2942020487","https://openalex.org/W2963336383","https://openalex.org/W2990679317","https://openalex.org/W3013022628","https://openalex.org/W3062076470","https://openalex.org/W3135736471","https://openalex.org/W3182472100","https://openalex.org/W3199662997","https://openalex.org/W4309198790","https://openalex.org/W4315621847","https://openalex.org/W4362608115","https://openalex.org/W4362654597","https://openalex.org/W4381333331","https://openalex.org/W4381481163","https://openalex.org/W4381687272","https://openalex.org/W4382136060","https://openalex.org/W4387610196","https://openalex.org/W4391582581","https://openalex.org/W4391756091","https://openalex.org/W4391951331","https://openalex.org/W4392299675","https://openalex.org/W4392878154","https://openalex.org/W4393057944","https://openalex.org/W4393305521","https://openalex.org/W4396689196","https://openalex.org/W4398169579","https://openalex.org/W4399140209","https://openalex.org/W4399261672","https://openalex.org/W4400017698","https://openalex.org/W4402142395","https://openalex.org/W6852162230","https://openalex.org/W6852737047","https://openalex.org/W6863050706"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388180914","https://openalex.org/W2063708026","https://openalex.org/W2507888814","https://openalex.org/W3118925046","https://openalex.org/W2381764175","https://openalex.org/W2561540377","https://openalex.org/W2360066868","https://openalex.org/W3084909207","https://openalex.org/W2795259429","https://openalex.org/W2565656575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Document":[0,8],"classification":[1,155],"is":[2,31,44,87,149],"a":[3,25,179],"challenging":[4],"research":[5],"problem":[6],"in":[7],"image":[9],"analysis,":[10],"majorly":[11],"the":[12,48,55,91,98,195,211],"presence":[13],"of":[14,71,84,117,125,166,183,190],"degradations":[15],"like":[16],"low":[17,111,138,191,221],"illumination,":[18,139],"blur,":[19,135],"and":[20,54,110,119,140,201,220],"shadows.":[21],"In":[22,188],"this":[23],"paper,":[24],"deep":[26,93],"learning-based":[27],"two-level":[28],"hierarchical":[29],"approach":[30],"proposed":[32,92,147,158],"for":[33,59,89,134,137,142,185],"classifying":[34],"smartphone-captured":[35],"handwritten":[36],"document":[37,67],"images":[38,100,113,121,129],"into":[39],"three":[40,77,82,115],"classes.":[41],"The":[42,106,146,157,208],"model":[43,95,148,159,196],"devised":[45],"based":[46,102],"on":[47,63,103],"pre-trained":[49],"weights":[50],"transferred":[51],"from":[52,66,130],"XceptionNet":[53],"additional":[56],"convolutional":[57],"layers":[58],"feature":[60],"extraction":[61],"focused":[62],"high-frequency":[64],"details":[65],"images.":[68],"A":[69],"set":[70],"synthetically":[72],"generated":[73],"datasets":[74],"concerning":[75],"all":[76],"classes":[78,131],"with":[79,97,114,122,132,151],"two":[80,123],"to":[81,214],"levels":[83,116,124,165,169],"degradation":[85,167],"severity":[86,168],"considered":[88],"training":[90],"learning":[94],"along":[96],"real":[99],"labelled":[101],"reference":[104],"datasets.":[105],"dataset":[107],"comprises":[108],"blur":[109],"illumination":[112,192,222],"severity,":[118],"shadow":[120,143,175,219],"severity.":[126],"About":[127],"2,841":[128],"783":[133],"828":[136],"1,230":[141],"were":[144],"collected.":[145],"compared":[150],"nine":[152],"state-of-the-art":[153],"deep-learning":[154],"models.":[156],"showcases":[160],"robust":[161],"performance":[162],"under":[163,218],"varying":[164],"by":[170],"achieving":[171],"100%":[172,198],"sensitivity":[173],"towards":[174,206],"documents,":[176],"while":[177],"maintaining":[178],"high":[180],"F1":[181],"score":[182],"98.79%":[184],"Level":[186,204],"1.":[187],"case":[189],"conditions,":[193],"again":[194],"produces":[197],"precision,":[199],"sensitivity,":[200],"specificity":[202],"at":[203],"3":[205],"testsets.":[207],"results":[209],"emphasize":[210],"model\u2019s":[212],"robustness":[213],"perform":[215],"reliably,":[216],"particularly":[217],"conditions.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
