{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405600699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520239","title":"A Lightweight Transformer Model for Defect Detection in Electroluminescence Images of Photovoltaic Cells","display_name":"A Lightweight Transformer Model for Defect Detection in Electroluminescence Images of Photovoltaic Cells","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405600699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3520239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520239","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103637545","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627922","display_name":"Jing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1594-827X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070084936","display_name":"Xin Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1079-8434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102899902","display_name":"Lei Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5891-3740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100710641","display_name":"Ming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6780-7843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103637545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.54,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.948383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"194922","last_page":"194931"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroluminescence","display_name":"Electroluminescence","score":0.8489954471588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.7882110476493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5846338868141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5366349220275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4812443256378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40618208050727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3436841368675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.24295422434806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.18412795662879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12400102615356445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31625292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215803","display_name":"Electroluminescence","level":3,"score":0.8489954471588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.7882110476493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5846338868141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5366349220275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4812443256378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40618208050727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3436841368675232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.24295422434806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.18412795662879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12400102615356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3520239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8b0d432e96964c50905ad48d7ea065d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b0d432e96964c50905ad48d7ea065d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 194922-194931 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3520239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2767543786","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2999286665","https://openalex.org/W3010777161","https://openalex.org/W3012756106","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3126997938","https://openalex.org/W3176377565","https://openalex.org/W4221023906","https://openalex.org/W4225888491","https://openalex.org/W4312312588","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386076079","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4387499231","https://openalex.org/W4388691996","https://openalex.org/W4389365837","https://openalex.org/W4389469355","https://openalex.org/W4390543157","https://openalex.org/W4399701094","https://openalex.org/W4399801265","https://openalex.org/W4401894250","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6793267612","https://openalex.org/W6804370092","https://openalex.org/W6804794748","https://openalex.org/W6809665764","https://openalex.org/W6811230874","https://openalex.org/W6853507575","https://openalex.org/W7043721257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2150038201","https://openalex.org/W940975362","https://openalex.org/W1976110942","https://openalex.org/W2038762453","https://openalex.org/W4205934534","https://openalex.org/W2382302308","https://openalex.org/W4248751768","https://openalex.org/W4392095665","https://openalex.org/W2864363823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Solar":[0],"panels":[1,23],"play":[2],"a":[3,51,102,152],"crucial":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,63,81],"converting":[7],"solar":[8,22],"energy":[9],"into":[10],"electricity,":[11],"with":[12,124,184],"PhotoVoltaic":[13],"(PV)":[14],"modules":[15,33],"being":[16],"their":[17,66,79],"core":[18],"components.":[19],"To":[20,87],"ensure":[21],"function":[24],"well,":[25],"efficient":[26],"and":[27,44,53,76,120,189],"accurate":[28],"defect":[29,111],"detection":[30,39,64,112],"of":[31,92,113,180,187,193],"PV":[32,114,177],"is":[34,108,207],"essential.":[35],"Visual-based":[36],"deep":[37],"learning":[38],"methods,":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42,197,199],"Transformer":[43,132],"Convolutional":[45],"Neural":[46],"Network":[47],"(CNN)":[48],"models,":[49],"provide":[50],"cost-effective":[52],"adaptable":[54],"solution.":[55],"Although":[56],"the":[57,89,93,130,136,141,146,164,169,176],"Transformer-based":[58],"detectors":[59],"outperform":[60],"CNN-based":[61],"ones":[62],"tasks,":[65],"complicated":[67],"model":[68,97],"structures":[69],"also":[70],"lead":[71],"to":[72,162],"great":[73],"computational":[74,122],"cost":[75,123],"latency,":[77],"limiting":[78],"application":[80],"resource-constrained":[82],"environments":[83],"or":[84],"time-sensitive":[85],"tasks.":[86],"improve":[88],"real-time":[90],"performance":[91,119,174],"DEtection":[94],"TRansformer":[95],"(DETR)":[96],"on":[98,175,195,201],"these":[99],"edge":[100],"devices,":[101],"novel":[103],"Lightweight":[104],"Decoder-only":[105],"DETR":[106,137],"(LD-DETR)":[107],"proposed":[109,170],"for":[110],"modules,":[115],"which":[116],"achieves":[117,172],"high":[118],"low":[121],"an":[125,159,185,190],"easy":[126],"architecture.":[127],"We":[128],"remove":[129],"resource-intensive":[131],"Encoder":[133],"structure":[134],"from":[135],"baseline":[138],"so":[139],"that":[140,157,168],"Decoder":[142],"can":[143],"directly":[144],"utilize":[145],"finely":[147],"fused":[148],"features":[149],"produced":[150],"by":[151],"specialized":[153],"lightweight":[154],"convolution":[155],"module":[156],"includes":[158],"upsample":[160],"operation":[161],"preprocess":[163],"features.":[165],"Experiments":[166],"demonstrate":[167],"LD-DETR":[171],"competitive":[173],"cell":[178],"dataset":[179],"ElectroLuminescence":[181],"(EL)":[182],"images":[183],"accuracy":[186],"87.4%":[188],"inference":[191],"time":[192],"6.1ms":[194],"GPU":[196],"well":[198],"1.1s":[200],"embedded":[202],"CPU.":[203],"Our":[204],"source":[205],"code":[206],"available":[208],"at":[209],"<uri":[210],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[211],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/SeveralYang/LD-DETR</uri>.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
