{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405218909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514751","title":"Uncovering Threats in Container Systems: A Study on Misconfigured Container Components in the Wild","display_name":"Uncovering Threats in Container Systems: A Study on Misconfigured Container Components in the Wild","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405218909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3514751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514751","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061945146","display_name":"Dongmin Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4721-1759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dongmin Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Security, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","Graduate School of Information Security, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Security, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Security, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069171827","display_name":"Hyunmin Seo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunmin Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027199710","display_name":"Kwanwoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-0629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwanwoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-0629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062697571","display_name":"Myoungsung You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-5243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myoungsung You","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-5243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084473174","display_name":"Seungwon Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-5606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungwon Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-5606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019655635","display_name":"Jinwoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1303-8668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","School of Software, Kwangwoon University, 20, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1303-8668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Kwangwoon University, 20, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061945146"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6441,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85399989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"192931","last_page":"192945"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9333000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9333000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9067000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.8408975005149841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5753750801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4163439869880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12472912669181824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.8408975005149841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5753750801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4163439869880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12472912669181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3514751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49031c374fcf446481ec0c10826e5623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49031c374fcf446481ec0c10826e5623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 192931-192945 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3514751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4173566078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-II220745, 70%","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8403174488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. RS-2024-00457937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959671196","https://openalex.org/W2070545642","https://openalex.org/W2123070675","https://openalex.org/W2792590405","https://openalex.org/W2884562830","https://openalex.org/W2896011303","https://openalex.org/W2924430850","https://openalex.org/W2936268283","https://openalex.org/W2938295127","https://openalex.org/W3012308217","https://openalex.org/W3095612829","https://openalex.org/W3159310286","https://openalex.org/W4225301698","https://openalex.org/W4225604009","https://openalex.org/W4307020337","https://openalex.org/W4313148063","https://openalex.org/W4315480688","https://openalex.org/W4388041086","https://openalex.org/W4398151532","https://openalex.org/W4401753255","https://openalex.org/W4402264034","https://openalex.org/W6677217071","https://openalex.org/W6780724457"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2367301169","https://openalex.org/W2352134912","https://openalex.org/W2001079144","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4393477817","https://openalex.org/W2048054615","https://openalex.org/W2974221847"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"increasing":[1],"popularity":[2],"of":[3,15,39,50,118,193],"cloud":[4],"computing":[5],"has":[6],"led":[7],"to":[8,33,61,76,82,107,165],"a":[9,116,154],"significant":[10,147],"rise":[11],"in":[12,169],"the":[13,24,47,95,108,122,187],"use":[14],"container":[16,29,53,74,101,197],"technology.":[17],"Docker":[18],"and":[19,37,79,84,128,139,190],"Kubernetes":[20],"have":[21],"emerged":[22],"as":[23,87],"de":[25],"facto":[26],"standards":[27],"for":[28],"orchestration":[30,57],"frameworks":[31,58],"due":[32],"their":[34],"reliability,":[35],"flexibility,":[36],"ease":[38],"operation,":[40],"supported":[41],"by":[42,99],"scalable,":[43],"HTTP-based":[44],"interfaces.":[45],"Given":[46],"critical":[48],"nature":[49],"infrastructure":[51],"systems,":[52],"components":[54,75,102],"within":[55,157],"such":[56],"should":[59],"adhere":[60],"strict":[62],"security":[63,96,148],"levels.":[64],"However,":[65],"administrative":[66],"misconfigurations":[67],"can":[68],"introduce":[69],"serious":[70],"vulnerabilities,":[71],"exposing":[72],"security-critical":[73],"external":[77],"networks":[78],"allowing":[80],"adversaries":[81],"discover":[83],"exploit":[85],"them":[86],"attack":[88],"vectors.":[89],"In":[90,150],"this":[91],"paper,":[92],"we":[93,114,152],"investigate":[94],"threats":[97],"posed":[98],"misconfigured":[100,196],"(MCC)":[103],"that":[104,135,141,176],"are":[105,142],"exposed":[106,144],"Internet.":[109],"Through":[110],"an":[111],"Internet-scale":[112],"measurement,":[113],"identify":[115,172],"total":[117],"1,003,947":[119],"MCCs,":[120,145],"with":[121],"majority":[123],"operating":[124,143],"under":[125],"default":[126],"configurations":[127],"outdated":[129],"software":[130],"versions.":[131],"Our":[132],"analysis":[133],"reveals":[134],"renowned":[136],"institutes,":[137],"governments,":[138],"enterprises":[140],"suggesting":[146],"risks.":[149],"addition,":[151],"conduct":[153],"real-world":[155,188],"experiment":[156],"multi-branch":[158],"campus":[159],"network,":[160],"scanning":[161],"150,235":[162],"IP":[163],"addresses":[164],"uncover":[166],"actual":[167],"vulnerabilities":[168,175],"MCCs.":[170],"We":[171],"five":[173],"distinct":[174],"either":[177],"leak":[178],"sensitive":[179],"information":[180],"or":[181],"allow":[182],"remote":[183],"code":[184],"execution,":[185],"demonstrating":[186],"feasibility":[189],"potential":[191],"impact":[192],"exploiting":[194],"these":[195],"components.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}