{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405179929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514455","title":"Transforming Sketches of UML Use Case Diagrams to Models","display_name":"Transforming Sketches of UML Use Case Diagrams to Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405179929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514455"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3514455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514455","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059469883","display_name":"Mantas Ra\u017einskas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mantas Ra\u017einskas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5172-3428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115059625","display_name":"Benas Mili\u016bnas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benas Mili\u016bnas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026515875","display_name":"Mantas Jurgelaitis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-0765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mantas Jurgelaitis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-0765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091006919","display_name":"Lina \u010ceponien\u0117","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6812-0215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lina \u010ceponien\u0117","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017675454","display_name":"Lina Bisikirskien\u0117","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172574986","display_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01me6gb93","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lina Bisikirskien\u0117","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172574986"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3511,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87081308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10703","display_name":"Business Process Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7665350437164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.7282150387763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-uml","display_name":"Applications of UML","score":0.6002645492553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uml-tool","display_name":"UML tool","score":0.5558218359947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5506231784820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-diagram","display_name":"Class diagram","score":0.5205891728401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3725816607475281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.13185936212539673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7665350437164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.7282150387763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41298492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781506","display_name":"Applications of UML","level":4,"score":0.6002645492553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146939238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2467310","display_name":"UML tool","level":4,"score":0.5558218359947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5506231784820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202446494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664166","display_name":"Class diagram","level":4,"score":0.5205891728401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3725816607475281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.13185936212539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3514455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ktu.edu:elaba:214696962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vb.ktu.edu/KTU:ELABAPDB214696962&prefLang=en_US","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922255","display_name":"KTUePubl (Repository of Kaunas University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN 2169-3536","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:492a335d9f584fd49a2f4b38d7b6bc4a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/492a335d9f584fd49a2f4b38d7b6bc4a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 185826-185837 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3514455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3514455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196331120","https://openalex.org/W199503676","https://openalex.org/W1990649208","https://openalex.org/W1993659806","https://openalex.org/W1994793640","https://openalex.org/W2031948510","https://openalex.org/W2110957405","https://openalex.org/W2118900673","https://openalex.org/W2150469568","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2399802545","https://openalex.org/W2557728737","https://openalex.org/W2914389390","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2991422091","https://openalex.org/W3015019780","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3128272199","https://openalex.org/W3139897963","https://openalex.org/W3194040541","https://openalex.org/W4206661930","https://openalex.org/W4210323407","https://openalex.org/W4210598935","https://openalex.org/W4220866658","https://openalex.org/W4249270355","https://openalex.org/W4285336980","https://openalex.org/W4312961560","https://openalex.org/W4353110888","https://openalex.org/W4377291442","https://openalex.org/W4386727162","https://openalex.org/W4388455124","https://openalex.org/W4391164171","https://openalex.org/W4400305040","https://openalex.org/W6852247074","https://openalex.org/W6864743983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387087283","https://openalex.org/W2103939680","https://openalex.org/W2139608660","https://openalex.org/W2359043774","https://openalex.org/W2101953902","https://openalex.org/W2908933429","https://openalex.org/W2489425329","https://openalex.org/W1981740698","https://openalex.org/W2359526101","https://openalex.org/W1968959699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Considering":[0],"that":[1],"use":[2],"case":[3],"specification":[4],"often":[5],"plays":[6],"the":[7,60,64],"most":[8],"important":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,59,124,157],"requirements":[12],"engineering,":[13],"transitioning":[14],"from":[15],"a":[16,26,34,51,93,125,133],"design":[17],"on":[18],"paper":[19,32],"to":[20],"an":[21,103],"editable,":[22],"standard-compliant":[23],"model":[24],"is":[25,100],"fitting":[27],"candidate":[28],"for":[29,36,56,69,76],"automation.":[30],"This":[31],"presents":[33],"methodology":[35,49,121],"transforming":[37],"Use":[38,45,137,147],"Case":[39,46,138,148],"diagram":[40,80,139,149,162],"sketches":[41],"into":[42,92,102],"standardized":[43],"UML":[44,95,114],"models.":[47],"The":[48,97,120,151],"utilizes":[50],"tailored":[52],"Faster":[53],"R-CNN":[54],"network":[55],"detecting":[57,77],"objects":[58],"sketch,":[61],"combined":[62],"with":[63,112],"Google":[65],"Cloud":[66],"Vision":[67],"API":[68],"text":[70],"recognition.":[71],"It":[72],"also":[73],"includes":[74],"techniques":[75],"and":[78,85,88,127,160],"identifying":[79],"relations,":[81],"their":[82],"direction,":[83],"start,":[84],"end":[86],"points,":[87],"integrating":[89],"these":[90],"elements":[91],"structured":[94],"diagram.":[96],"final":[98],"output":[99],"transformed":[101],"XML":[104],"Metadata":[105],"Interchange":[106],"(XMI)":[107],"format":[108],"file,":[109],"ensuring":[110],"compatibility":[111],"various":[113],"Computer-Aided":[115],"Software":[116],"Engineering":[117],"(CASE)":[118],"tools.":[119],"was":[122],"implemented":[123],"tool":[126],"empirically":[128],"validated":[129],"through":[130],"experiments":[131],"using":[132],"dataset":[134],"of":[135,143,146,165],"32":[136],"sketches,":[140],"made":[141],"up":[142],"765":[144],"instances":[145],"elements.":[150],"tool\u2019s":[152],"performance":[153],"demonstrates":[154],"94%":[155],"accuracy":[156,164],"symbol":[158],"recognition":[159],"overall":[161],"digitization":[163],"95%.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}