{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405179767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3512783","title":"Deep Learning Enhanced Feature Extraction of Potholes Using Vision and LiDAR Data for Road Maintenance","display_name":"Deep Learning Enhanced Feature Extraction of Potholes Using Vision and LiDAR Data for Road Maintenance","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405179767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3512783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3512783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3512783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3512783","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092727560","display_name":"Abhiram Karukayil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085930","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/0059w0420","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}],"countries":["GB","MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abhiram Karukayil","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The National Robotarium, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, National Robotarium, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4208-6701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The National Robotarium, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511","https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, National Robotarium, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093272637","display_name":"Christopher Quail","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085930","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/0059w0420","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}],"countries":["GB","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Quail","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The National Robotarium, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, National Robotarium, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The National Robotarium, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511","https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, National Robotarium, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061931953","display_name":"Fernando Auat Cheein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I918000572","display_name":"Harper Adams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z20c921","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I918000572"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Auat Cheein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Harper-Adams University, Newport, England, Shropshire, U.K","School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, National Robotarium, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-7696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Harper-Adams University, Newport, England, Shropshire, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I918000572"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, National Robotarium, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092727560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511","https://openalex.org/I4210085930"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.1644,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94600338,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"184541","last_page":"184549"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12482","display_name":"Tunneling and Rock Mechanics","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7957807779312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.7417736053466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6681908965110779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6094090938568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.5276445150375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5142399668693542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4958280026912689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48545438051223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4786442518234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37082019448280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26085570454597473}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7957807779312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.7417736053466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6681908965110779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6094090938568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5276445150375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5142399668693542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4958280026912689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48545438051223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4786442518234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37082019448280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26085570454597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3512783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3512783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:87509d5e778d4d0e9fcde7dcc630d837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/87509d5e778d4d0e9fcde7dcc630d837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 184541-184549 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3512783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3512783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808367323","https://openalex.org/W2947568086","https://openalex.org/W2951940080","https://openalex.org/W3007763722","https://openalex.org/W3033355903","https://openalex.org/W3043481597","https://openalex.org/W3124942917","https://openalex.org/W3209216267","https://openalex.org/W3215829569","https://openalex.org/W4213361372","https://openalex.org/W4225638469","https://openalex.org/W4229372112","https://openalex.org/W4281480072","https://openalex.org/W4283712488","https://openalex.org/W4288045659","https://openalex.org/W4291819654","https://openalex.org/W4309175865","https://openalex.org/W4312056195","https://openalex.org/W4312659957","https://openalex.org/W4387100264","https://openalex.org/W6850787431"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4221065211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,7,18,43,58,63,69,76,106,135,151,167,172,188,195,201,205,237],"global":[2],"population":[3],"increases,":[4],"so":[5],"does":[6],"number":[8],"of":[9,17,45,65,116,200,226,233],"vehicles":[10],"on":[11,71,211],"our":[12,215,245],"roads,":[13,214],"which":[14,41],"makes":[15],"maintenance":[16,32,78,256],"road":[19,31,255],"infrastructure":[20],"critical":[21],"for":[22,100,113,180,250],"safe":[23],"and":[24,47,60,74,86,92,156,160,175,198,222,229,244],"efficient":[25],"transportation.":[26],"A":[27],"significant":[28],"challenge":[29],"in":[30,62,145,253],"is":[33],"to":[34,56,96,133,193,219,239],"address":[35],"surface":[36],"defects,":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39],"potholes,":[40,66],"pose":[42],"risk":[44],"accidents":[46],"vehicle":[48],"damage.":[49],"This":[50],"work":[51,216],"proposes":[52],"an":[53],"automated":[54,254],"solution":[55],"improve":[57],"detection":[59,137],"aid":[61],"repair":[64],"thus":[67],"reducing":[68,75],"reliance":[70],"manual":[72],"inspections":[73],"overall":[77],"time.":[79],"Our":[80],"methodology":[81],"integrates":[82],"LiDAR":[83,189],"(Light":[84],"Detection":[85],"Ranging)":[87],"with":[88],"RGB":[89,120],"(Red,":[90],"Green,":[91],"Blue)":[93],"camera":[94],"data":[95,185],"enhance":[97],"depth":[98,199],"information":[99],"accurate":[101],"pothole":[102,128,203],"characterisation.":[103],"Geo-positioning":[104],"using":[105,204],"GNSS":[107],"(Global":[108],"Navigation":[109],"Satellite":[110],"System)":[111],"allows":[112],"precise":[114],"mapping":[115],"detected":[117,202],"potholes.":[118],"An":[119],"image":[121,129],"dataset":[122],"created":[123],"by":[124,187],"aggregating":[125],"publicly":[126],"available":[127],"datasets":[130],"was":[131,177,217],"used":[132,192],"train":[134],"object":[136],"model":[138],"YOLO":[139],"(You":[140],"Only":[141],"Look":[142],"Once)":[143],"implemented":[144],"this":[146,149,234],"work.":[147],"Using":[148],"data,":[150],"models":[152],"YOLOv5,":[153],"YOLOv6,":[154],"YOLOv7,":[155],"YOLOv8":[157],"were":[158,191],"trained":[159],"their":[161],"performance":[162,170],"analysed.":[163],"Remarkably,":[164],"YOLOv5":[165],"showed":[166],"best":[168],"implementation":[169,232],"during":[171],"training":[173],"phase,":[174],"it":[176],"lately":[178],"selected":[179],"real":[181],"time":[182],"deployment.":[183],"The":[184,231],"provided":[186],"sensor":[190],"compute":[194],"area,":[196],"volume":[197,228],"Convex":[206],"Hull":[207],"approaches.":[208],"During":[209],"deployment":[210],"Edinburgh":[212],"City":[213],"able":[218],"effectively":[220],"detect":[221],"characterise":[223],"52":[224],"potholes":[225],"different":[227],"area.":[230],"technology":[235],"has":[236],"potential":[238],"significantly":[240],"reduce":[241],"inspection":[242],"time,":[243],"findings":[246],"offer":[247],"promising":[248],"directions":[249],"future":[251],"developments":[252],"systems.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
