{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405022308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3511340","title":"ATHOS: A Hybrid Accelerator for PQC CRYSTALS-Algorithms Exploiting New CV-X-IF Interface","display_name":"ATHOS: A Hybrid Accelerator for PQC CRYSTALS-Algorithms Exploiting New CV-X-IF Interface","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405022308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3511340"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3511340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3511340","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3511340","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092357731","display_name":"Alessandra Dolmeta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9480-1352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra Dolmeta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9480-1352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026016005","display_name":"Maurizio Martina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-0319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Martina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-0319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074150684","display_name":"Guido Masera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2238-9443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Masera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2238-9443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1172,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76120668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"182340","last_page":"182352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9025999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9025999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7170747518539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5135705471038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5134187936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39986154437065125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.34333765506744385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7170747518539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5135705471038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5134187936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39986154437065125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.34333765506744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3511340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3511340","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d82b3a1d438b4b9499cab1c47438aad1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d82b3a1d438b4b9499cab1c47438aad1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 182340-182352 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3511340","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3511340","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W2004814164","https://openalex.org/W2069441027","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2914539449","https://openalex.org/W3021991761","https://openalex.org/W3048854702","https://openalex.org/W3093786062","https://openalex.org/W3159164431","https://openalex.org/W3213547738","https://openalex.org/W4223444840","https://openalex.org/W4225986329","https://openalex.org/W4231286867","https://openalex.org/W4231896027","https://openalex.org/W4297541625","https://openalex.org/W4312563345","https://openalex.org/W4313645570","https://openalex.org/W4316660039","https://openalex.org/W4321510840","https://openalex.org/W4385585423","https://openalex.org/W4385805359","https://openalex.org/W4387251522","https://openalex.org/W4387917871","https://openalex.org/W4388958855","https://openalex.org/W4389056114","https://openalex.org/W4389166725","https://openalex.org/W4390097679","https://openalex.org/W4391473781","https://openalex.org/W4391929660","https://openalex.org/W4392060312","https://openalex.org/W4392754361","https://openalex.org/W4399800831","https://openalex.org/W4400193052","https://openalex.org/W4402666506","https://openalex.org/W4403277416","https://openalex.org/W6741845119","https://openalex.org/W6771594061","https://openalex.org/W6773557535","https://openalex.org/W6860730580","https://openalex.org/W7057503444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ATHOS":[0,30,45],"(Accelerated":[1],"Technology":[2],"for":[3,14,20,79,136,164],"Hardware":[4],"Optimization":[5],"with":[6],"RISC-V)":[7],"is":[8,46,63,151],"introduced":[9],"as":[10],"a":[11,32,76],"robust":[12],"solution":[13],"enhancing":[15],"cryptographic":[16,28],"operations,":[17],"explicitly":[18],"designed":[19],"RISC-V":[21,127],"architectures.":[22],"Addressing":[23],"the":[24,50,54,66,86,89,95,102,112,118,126,137,165,184,189,199,204],"challenges":[25],"of":[26,34,44,49,65,82,91,104,122,191,198,203],"implementing":[27],"algorithms,":[29],"leverages":[31],"combination":[33],"both":[35],"tightly":[36,105],"and":[37,100,120,133,145,171,195],"loosely":[38],"coupled":[39,106],"accelerators.":[40],"A":[41],"key":[42],"innovation":[43],"its":[47,142],"exploitation":[48],"CV32E40X":[51],"core":[52],"via":[53],"novel":[55],"Core-V":[56],"eXtension":[57],"InterFace":[58],"(CV-X-IF).":[59],"This":[60,114],"pioneering":[61],"work":[62,115],"one":[64,197],"first":[67,200],"to":[68,111,183],"utilize":[69],"this":[70,192],"interface":[71],"in":[72,160],"real-world":[73],"applications,":[74],"offering":[75],"unique":[77],"foundation":[78],"extensive":[80],"exploration":[81],"acceleration":[83],"approaches.":[84],"Utilizing":[85],"CV-X-IF":[87,205],"simplifies":[88],"insertion":[90],"new":[92,131],"instructions":[93,132],"into":[94,125],"Instruction":[96],"Set":[97],"Architecture":[98],"(ISA)":[99],"streamlines":[101],"integration":[103,121],"accelerators":[107,124],"without":[108],"requiring":[109],"modifications":[110],"toolchain.":[113],"focuses":[116],"on":[117,153],"implementation":[119],"various":[123],"microcontroller":[128],"X-HEEP,":[129],"adding":[130],"external":[134],"IPs":[135],"Numeric":[138],"Theoretic":[139],"Transform":[140],"(NTT),":[141],"Inverse":[143],"(INTT),":[144],"Keccak":[146],"transformation.":[147],"Our":[148],"complete":[149],"architecture":[150],"implemented":[152],"ASIC$65{\\mathrm":[154],"{\\mu":[155],"\\text":[156],"{m}":[157],"}}$technology,":[158],"resulting":[159],"a$1.47\\times":[161],"$area":[162],"overhead":[163],"microcontroller.":[166],"Additionally,":[167],"it":[168],"improves":[169],"CRYSTALS-Kyber\u2019s":[170],"CRYSTALS-Dilithium\u2019s":[172],"total":[173],"clock":[174],"cycle":[175],"respectively":[176],"by":[177],"up":[178],"to$7.74\\times":[179],"$and":[180],"to$4.12\\times":[181],"$compared":[182],"baseline":[185],"software":[186],"implementation,":[187],"demonstrating":[188],"potential":[190],"hybrid":[193],"system":[194],"marking":[196],"real":[201],"applications":[202],"interface.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}