{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404953239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3510565","title":"Data-Driven Spatial Analysis of Reforestation in Pakistan: Identifying Optimal Locations for Sustainable Forest Growth and Climate Change Mitigation","display_name":"Data-Driven Spatial Analysis of Reforestation in Pakistan: Identifying Optimal Locations for Sustainable Forest Growth and Climate Change Mitigation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404953239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3510565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3510565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3510565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3510565","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108996477","display_name":"Amna Faisal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143550","display_name":"Taylor's University","ror":"https://ror.org/0498pcx51","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amna Faisal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Taylor&#x2019;s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2123-1149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Taylor&#x2019;s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057042065","display_name":"Rafia Mumtaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-3957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafia Mumtaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-3957","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013246294","display_name":"Muhammad Deedahwar Mazhar Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4878-9226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3289505","display_name":"Dublin Business School","ror":"https://ror.org/051dggm19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3289505"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","display_name":"Technological University Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0qbt32","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Deedahwar Mazhar Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Technology, Retail, and Supply Chain, TU Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","School of Business Technology, Retail, and Supply Chain, TU Dublin, TU Dublin, Aungier Street, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Technology, Retail, and Supply Chain, TU Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925","https://openalex.org/I3289505"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Technology, Retail, and Supply Chain, TU Dublin, TU Dublin, Aungier Street, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109524130","display_name":"Muhammad Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2335-2776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2335-2776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029582839","display_name":"N. Z. Jhanjhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-4733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143550","display_name":"Taylor's University","ror":"https://ror.org/0498pcx51","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Z. Jhanjhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Taylor&#x2019;s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-4733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Taylor&#x2019;s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045359397","display_name":"Mehedi Masud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehedi Masud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-7245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039552087","display_name":"Mohammad Shorfuzzaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8050-8431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Shorfuzzaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8050-8431","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108996477"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7954,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72542188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"190375","last_page":"190388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13058","display_name":"Soil and Land Suitability Analysis","score":0.964900016784668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reforestation","display_name":"Reforestation","score":0.9087573885917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.6374273896217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","score":0.43662768602371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.418437659740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38601619005203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agroforestry","display_name":"Agroforestry","score":0.37821102142333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.32975417375564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.150016188621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09095397591590881}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154575652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815818","display_name":"Reforestation","level":2,"score":0.9087573885917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.6374273896217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509746633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","level":3,"score":0.43662768602371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.418437659740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38601619005203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.37821102142333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.32975417375564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.150016188621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09095397591590881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3510565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3510565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:830d531b0e1444a68cb92f4e4d5ef923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/830d531b0e1444a68cb92f4e4d5ef923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 190375-190388 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3510565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3510565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2968671473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TU-DSPP-2024-50","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983645263","https://openalex.org/W1993326248","https://openalex.org/W2001971437","https://openalex.org/W2021057500","https://openalex.org/W2031282500","https://openalex.org/W2085632393","https://openalex.org/W2087560317","https://openalex.org/W2135053426","https://openalex.org/W2138767863","https://openalex.org/W2139709933","https://openalex.org/W2148712195","https://openalex.org/W2160258023","https://openalex.org/W2189880186","https://openalex.org/W2201146008","https://openalex.org/W2321154892","https://openalex.org/W2561034431","https://openalex.org/W2561346063","https://openalex.org/W2776146695","https://openalex.org/W2782150440","https://openalex.org/W2783521487","https://openalex.org/W2784089884","https://openalex.org/W2792901712","https://openalex.org/W2796710373","https://openalex.org/W2803507394","https://openalex.org/W2903464511","https://openalex.org/W2907652058","https://openalex.org/W2908653200","https://openalex.org/W2911554154","https://openalex.org/W2969945043","https://openalex.org/W2976696463","https://openalex.org/W2996622842","https://openalex.org/W3028947776","https://openalex.org/W3033783535","https://openalex.org/W3043213779","https://openalex.org/W3088346583","https://openalex.org/W3089586652","https://openalex.org/W3092235903","https://openalex.org/W3126924775","https://openalex.org/W3201284055","https://openalex.org/W4200417882","https://openalex.org/W4281713228","https://openalex.org/W4282961065","https://openalex.org/W4378550233","https://openalex.org/W6674364723","https://openalex.org/W6675961175","https://openalex.org/W6703708343","https://openalex.org/W6793970440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2319924447","https://openalex.org/W1966115667","https://openalex.org/W4238729770","https://openalex.org/W2330651689","https://openalex.org/W4390077153","https://openalex.org/W2944468904","https://openalex.org/W3183257204","https://openalex.org/W1980460870","https://openalex.org/W4402447723","https://openalex.org/W2168209963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,74,167,187,194,220,225],"world\u2019s":[2],"second-largest":[3],"carbon":[4,250],"storehouse":[5],"after":[6],"oceans,":[7],"forests":[8],"mitigate":[9],"global":[10],"warming":[11],"and":[12,46,66,86,93,115,126,134,158,166,173,236],"its":[13],"associated":[14],"climate":[15,241],"change":[16,242],"challenges.":[17],"Hence,":[18],"forest":[19,258],"conservation":[20],"efforts":[21,235],"such":[22,247],"as":[23,248],"reforestation":[24,37,91,122,234],"are":[25,161,177],"crucial":[26],"in":[27,189,252],"maintaining":[28],"this":[29],"vital":[30],"ecological":[31,94],"service.":[32],"Current":[33],"approaches":[34],"to":[35,49,59,70,120,138,152,179,213,245],"large-scale":[36,97],"include":[38],"considering":[39],"factors":[40],"like":[41,79,254],"soil":[42],"quality,":[43],"climate,":[44],"topography,":[45],"land-use":[47],"history":[48],"narrow":[50],"areas":[51,197],"for":[52,89,99,163,201,224],"reforestation.":[53],"However,":[54],"these":[55,192],"methods":[56],"often":[57],"struggle":[58],"efficiently":[60],"identify":[61],"suitable":[62,101],"land":[63,102],"across":[64,124],"vast":[65,125],"diverse":[67,127],"landscapes,":[68],"leading":[69,244],"suboptimal":[71],"outcomes.":[72],"Despite":[73],"promise":[75],"of":[76,182,210,222],"modern":[77],"techniques":[78],"Geographic":[80],"Information":[81],"Systems":[82],"(GIS),":[83],"remote":[84],"sensing,":[85],"spatial":[87],"modeling":[88],"optimizing":[90],"success":[92],"benefits,":[95],"their":[96,143,238],"implementation":[98],"selecting":[100],"remains":[103],"limited.":[104],"This":[105],"paper":[106],"proposes":[107],"a":[108,183,214],"novel":[109],"technique":[110],"using":[111],"unsupervised":[112],"machine":[113],"learning":[114],"remotely":[116],"sensed":[117],"satellite":[118],"data":[119,216],"assess":[121],"potential":[123,200],"landscapes.":[128],"The":[129,228],"approach":[130,230],"utilizes":[131],"K-means":[132],"clustering":[133],"Gaussian":[135],"Mixture":[136],"Models":[137],"group":[139],"regions":[140],"based":[141],"on":[142,240],"indexes.":[144],"Normalized":[145,168],"Difference":[146,169],"Water":[147],"Index":[148,171,175],"(NDWI)":[149],"is":[150],"used":[151,162,178],"measure":[153,180],"water":[154],"availability;":[155],"Laterite,":[156],"Biotite,":[157],"Gossan":[159],"indexes":[160],"mineral":[164],"content,":[165],"Built-up":[170],"(NDBI)":[172],"Urbanization":[174],"(UI)":[176],"urbanization":[181],"region.":[184],"By":[185],"analyzing":[186],"variation":[188],"vegetation":[190],"within":[191],"clusters,":[193],"model":[195,206],"identifies":[196],"with":[198,256],"high":[199],"future":[202],"forestation.":[203],"Our":[204],"proposed":[205],"achieved":[207],"an":[208],"accuracy":[209],"92%":[211],"compared":[212],"validation":[215],"set":[217],"obtained":[218],"from":[219],"Conservator":[221],"Forests":[223],"Rawalpindi":[226],"district.":[227],"presented":[229],"can":[231],"potentially":[232],"optimize":[233],"maximize":[237],"impact":[239],"mitigation,":[243],"benefits":[246],"increased":[249],"sequestration":[251],"countries":[253],"Pakistan":[255],"limited":[257],"cover.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
