{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404840129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3508875","title":"Mental Fatigue Classification Aided by Machine Learning-Driven Model Under the Influence of Foot and Auditory Binaural Beats Brain Massages via fNIRS","display_name":"Mental Fatigue Classification Aided by Machine Learning-Driven Model Under the Influence of Foot and Auditory Binaural Beats Brain Massages via fNIRS","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404840129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3508875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3508875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3508875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3508875","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019362944","display_name":"Nazo Haroon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-0498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazo Haroon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences &#x0026; Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-0498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences &#x0026; Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020728017","display_name":"Hamid Jabbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5866-2782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Jabbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences &#x0026; Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5866-2782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences &#x0026; Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071160585","display_name":"Umar Shahbaz Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5263-1408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umar Shahbaz Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences &#x0026; Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5263-1408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences &#x0026; Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101714531","display_name":"Taikyeong Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4914-8431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146824383","display_name":"Hallym University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbhge02","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146824383"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taikyeong Ted. Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea","Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Hallym University, South Korea, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146824383"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Hallym University, South Korea, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146824383"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073746669","display_name":"Noman Naseer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2680-6403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noman Naseer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2680-6403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6292,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84330712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"187160","last_page":"187191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.7267000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14225","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Control Systems","score":0.7267000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.67330002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13647","display_name":"AI and Big Data Applications","score":0.6413000226020813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foot","display_name":"Foot (prosody)","score":0.6460840702056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5776814818382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massage","display_name":"Massage","score":0.5417824387550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5361675024032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binaural-recording","display_name":"Binaural recording","score":0.5013754367828369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4613059163093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10422304272651672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115076146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651051","display_name":"Foot (prosody)","level":2,"score":0.6460840702056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5776814818382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175259745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179415","display_name":"Massage","level":3,"score":0.5417824387550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5361675024032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201247586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5612967","display_name":"Binaural recording","level":2,"score":0.5013754367828369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4613059163093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10422304272651672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3508875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3508875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:17156591f12f4232adf4a887ff66813f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/17156591f12f4232adf4a887ff66813f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 187160-187191 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3508875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3508875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":120,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511456530","https://openalex.org/W1967512849","https://openalex.org/W1969180476","https://openalex.org/W1973137087","https://openalex.org/W1978689156","https://openalex.org/W1981382292","https://openalex.org/W1983954616","https://openalex.org/W1987898750","https://openalex.org/W1989400515","https://openalex.org/W1989844271","https://openalex.org/W1999725931","https://openalex.org/W2025583159","https://openalex.org/W2029802912","https://openalex.org/W2035192956","https://openalex.org/W2045561515","https://openalex.org/W2054038344","https://openalex.org/W2055493013","https://openalex.org/W2057591537","https://openalex.org/W2063486198","https://openalex.org/W2066656203","https://openalex.org/W2067216343","https://openalex.org/W2069886099","https://openalex.org/W2075365419","https://openalex.org/W2081263155","https://openalex.org/W2083811803","https://openalex.org/W2099051993","https://openalex.org/W2110664336","https://openalex.org/W2110829605","https://openalex.org/W2113627239","https://openalex.org/W2114246274","https://openalex.org/W2136857199","https://openalex.org/W2141309263","https://openalex.org/W2151315308","https://openalex.org/W2159512653","https://openalex.org/W2168640554","https://openalex.org/W2290091653","https://openalex.org/W2371731424","https://openalex.org/W2406025678","https://openalex.org/W2437681419","https://openalex.org/W2534799678","https://openalex.org/W2559200341","https://openalex.org/W2560480283","https://openalex.org/W2586006276","https://openalex.org/W2610388610","https://openalex.org/W2616930666","https://openalex.org/W2730480035","https://openalex.org/W2747418226","https://openalex.org/W2782187250","https://openalex.org/W2802978952","https://openalex.org/W2884107779","https://openalex.org/W2884200845","https://openalex.org/W2885031994","https://openalex.org/W2900510520","https://openalex.org/W2901230363","https://openalex.org/W2918278198","https://openalex.org/W2938968481","https://openalex.org/W2967549184","https://openalex.org/W2972297093","https://openalex.org/W2980861097","https://openalex.org/W2985365123","https://openalex.org/W2989319645","https://openalex.org/W2992520770","https://openalex.org/W2992988687","https://openalex.org/W2998984254","https://openalex.org/W3003833175","https://openalex.org/W3008185230","https://openalex.org/W3008922215","https://openalex.org/W3023983536","https://openalex.org/W3037312461","https://openalex.org/W3039415058","https://openalex.org/W3042310736","https://openalex.org/W3043340932","https://openalex.org/W3047166434","https://openalex.org/W3048787899","https://openalex.org/W3082539570","https://openalex.org/W3095788890","https://openalex.org/W3122175664","https://openalex.org/W3123753705","https://openalex.org/W3128359054","https://openalex.org/W3133638618","https://openalex.org/W3164149098","https://openalex.org/W3174458294","https://openalex.org/W3174519036","https://openalex.org/W3210833735","https://openalex.org/W3215006838","https://openalex.org/W4200414023","https://openalex.org/W4210737249","https://openalex.org/W4210748807","https://openalex.org/W4213238916","https://openalex.org/W4214850681","https://openalex.org/W4220799515","https://openalex.org/W4220997471","https://openalex.org/W4280565735","https://openalex.org/W4281292977","https://openalex.org/W4281776516","https://openalex.org/W4283318064","https://openalex.org/W4285012224","https://openalex.org/W4292671256","https://openalex.org/W4303021920","https://openalex.org/W4306708277","https://openalex.org/W4309646531","https://openalex.org/W4316686736","https://openalex.org/W4318016620","https://openalex.org/W4321368994","https://openalex.org/W4323268187","https://openalex.org/W4378070235","https://openalex.org/W4379114913","https://openalex.org/W4382182813","https://openalex.org/W4383197680","https://openalex.org/W4384944712","https://openalex.org/W4386946598","https://openalex.org/W4387070723","https://openalex.org/W4387937737","https://openalex.org/W4391896645","https://openalex.org/W4401027934","https://openalex.org/W4401647696","https://openalex.org/W6638398849","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6774435913","https://openalex.org/W6797624574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3157682546","https://openalex.org/W2183409668","https://openalex.org/W1634445912","https://openalex.org/W1520033421","https://openalex.org/W3004588887","https://openalex.org/W2371382826","https://openalex.org/W2369195552","https://openalex.org/W2284127233","https://openalex.org/W583560571","https://openalex.org/W2086529495"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fatigue":[0],"is":[1,161,193],"a":[2,30,172,182],"feeling":[3],"of":[4,10,16,42,61,67,167,191,204,228,241],"constant":[5],"exhaustion,":[6],"burnout,":[7],"or":[8],"lack":[9],"energy.":[11],"A":[12],"very":[13],"particular":[14],"state":[15],"fatigue,":[17,19],"cognitive":[18,35,89,270],"drastically":[20],"influences":[21],"sustained":[22,104],"attention":[23,105],"and":[24,45,102,108,119,131,144,185,278,281],"focus.":[25],"To":[26],"date,":[27],"there":[28],"remains":[29],"significant":[31,234],"gap":[32],"in":[33,208],"classifying":[34],"fatigue":[36,74,90,271],"while":[37],"learning":[38],"under":[39,64],"the":[40,59,65,157,165,186,189,196,202,223,229,237],"influence":[41,66],"mechanical":[43,62,251],"foot":[44],"binaural":[46,68,245,262],"beat":[47],"brain":[48,70,247,264],"massages":[49],"aided":[50,76],"by":[51,77],"functional":[52],"Near-Infrared":[53],"Spectroscopy.":[54],"We":[55],"aim":[56],"to":[57,87,106,170,236,254,268],"evaluate":[58],"effects":[60],"massage":[63,71,248,252,259,265],"beats":[69,246,263],"on":[72],"mental":[73,256,275],"recovery":[75],"an":[78],"ensemble":[79,153,238],"Machine":[80,122],"Learning":[81],"model.":[82],"The":[83,217],"experimental":[84],"paradigm":[85],"employed":[86,162],"induce":[88],"includes":[91],"digital":[92],"lessons":[93],"such":[94],"as":[95,195],"picture":[96],"recognition,":[97],"digit":[98],"span,":[99],"Stroop":[100],"color":[101],"word,":[103],"response,":[107],"N-back":[109],"test.":[110],"After":[111],"extensive":[112],"features":[113],"extraction,":[114],"Ridge,":[115],"Gaussian":[116],"Na\u00efve":[117],"Bayes,":[118],"Support":[120],"Vector":[121],"(SVM)":[123],"with":[124,188,222,250,261,273],"linear,":[125],"quadratic,":[126],"Radial":[127],"Basis":[128],"Function":[129],"(RBF),":[130],"sigmoid":[132],"kernel,":[133],"K-Nearest":[134],"Neighbor":[135],"(k-NN),":[136],"Random":[137,218],"Forest":[138,219],"(RF),":[139],"Linear":[140],"Discriminant":[141,146],"Analysis":[142,147],"(LDA),":[143],"Quadratic":[145],"(QDA)":[148],"classifiers":[149,169],"are":[150],"employed.":[151],"An":[152],"algorithm,":[154],"particularly":[155],"using":[156],"hard":[158],"voting":[159],"method":[160],"that":[163],"combines":[164],"forecasts":[166],"multiple":[168],"make":[171],"final":[173,197,225],"decision,":[174],"where":[175],"each":[176,205],"classifier":[177,220],"casts":[178],"one":[179],"vote":[180],"for":[181],"given":[183],"input,":[184],"class":[187],"majority":[190],"votes":[192],"selected":[194],"prediction.":[198],"This":[199],"approach":[200],"leverages":[201],"strength":[203],"classifier,":[206],"resulting":[207],"better":[209],"overall":[210],"performance":[211],"than":[212],"any":[213],"single":[214],"model":[215,239],"alone.":[216],"aligns":[221],"ensemble\u2019s":[224],"decision":[226],"94.6%":[227],"time,":[230],"which":[231],"indicates":[232],"its":[233],"contribution":[235],"out":[240],"all":[242],"classifiers.":[243],"Receiving":[244],"along":[249,272],"helps":[253],"recover":[255],"fatigue.":[257],"Mechanical":[258],"inculcation":[260],"significantly":[266],"reinforces":[267],"relieve":[269],"enhancing":[274],"vigilance,":[276],"short":[277],"long-term":[279],"verbal,":[280],"working":[282],"memory.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2024-11-29T00:00:00"}
