{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404788097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3506827","title":"Unsupervised Clustering in Football Analysis: A Color-Segmentation and Lighting Adaptation Approach","display_name":"Unsupervised Clustering in Football Analysis: A Color-Segmentation and Lighting Adaptation Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404788097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3506827"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3506827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3506827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3506827","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079232408","display_name":"Weiwei Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136765683","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zbe0w13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0083-4270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069680956","display_name":"Mian Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-4433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of AI and Advanced Computing, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-4433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of AI and Advanced Computing, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jifeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2130-664X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136765683","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zbe0w13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jifeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2130-664X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085156744","display_name":"Jionglong Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-6493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jionglong Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of AI and Advanced Computing, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-6493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of AI and Advanced Computing, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034081162","display_name":"Angelos Stefanidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-8765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelos Stefanidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of AI and Advanced Computing, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-8765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of AI and Advanced Computing, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5631,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65518769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"178127","last_page":"178141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9408000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9408000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7269837856292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7012711763381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5656823515892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/football","display_name":"Football","score":0.5593551397323608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5489703416824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5439529418945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.44742587208747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37701886892318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36924755573272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08374667167663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.06582993268966675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7269837856292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7012711763381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5656823515892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.5593551397323608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5489703416824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5439529418945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.44742587208747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37701886892318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36924755573272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08374667167663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.06582993268966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3506827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3506827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0ef094614ca54474950bde33980ad31d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0ef094614ca54474950bde33980ad31d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 178127-178141 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3506827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3506827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1162739052","https://openalex.org/W1523794535","https://openalex.org/W1584616741","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1967496244","https://openalex.org/W2007345100","https://openalex.org/W2014859778","https://openalex.org/W2035448420","https://openalex.org/W2059139185","https://openalex.org/W2089515781","https://openalex.org/W2128262343","https://openalex.org/W2147717514","https://openalex.org/W2164847484","https://openalex.org/W2493294671","https://openalex.org/W2520143873","https://openalex.org/W2542197936","https://openalex.org/W2735260321","https://openalex.org/W2794012889","https://openalex.org/W2903118457","https://openalex.org/W2910722293","https://openalex.org/W2916534468","https://openalex.org/W2962084813","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W3005466304","https://openalex.org/W3016754690","https://openalex.org/W3036242593","https://openalex.org/W3087124270","https://openalex.org/W3186413649","https://openalex.org/W3191191366","https://openalex.org/W4220857797","https://openalex.org/W4285257508","https://openalex.org/W4292793888","https://openalex.org/W4292828369","https://openalex.org/W4322731562","https://openalex.org/W4327517979","https://openalex.org/W4380551589","https://openalex.org/W4387961464","https://openalex.org/W4388902218","https://openalex.org/W4389946225","https://openalex.org/W4394593112","https://openalex.org/W4397026438","https://openalex.org/W4402916479","https://openalex.org/W6680970901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971660097","https://openalex.org/W2365990048","https://openalex.org/W2015477300","https://openalex.org/W2237606652","https://openalex.org/W2370570388","https://openalex.org/W2353353369","https://openalex.org/W2372339450","https://openalex.org/W4296702788","https://openalex.org/W4210286469","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"football":[1,37,127],"match":[2],"videos,":[3],"team":[4,71,73],"affiliation":[5],"is":[6],"typically":[7],"identified":[8],"using":[9],"unsupervised":[10,89],"methods,":[11,90],"which":[12,104],"distinguish":[13],"individuals":[14],"based":[15],"on":[16,79,96],"unique":[17],"features.":[18],"These":[19],"methods":[20],"reduce":[21],"the":[22,99,144],"effort":[23],"needed":[24],"for":[25,124],"dataset":[26],"labeling":[27],"compared":[28],"to":[29,55,82,87],"supervised":[30],"approaches.":[31],"However,":[32],"uneven":[33],"lighting":[34,141],"in":[35,139],"outdoor":[36],"scenes":[38],"often":[39],"compromises":[40],"accuracy.":[41],"This":[42,66],"paper":[43],"introduces":[44],"a":[45,116],"clustering":[46,137],"method":[47,67,134],"leveraging":[48],"color":[49,80,120,155],"segmentation":[50],"combined":[51],"with":[52],"illumination":[53],"equalization":[54],"address":[56],"issues":[57],"such":[58],"as":[59],"large":[60],"shadows":[61],"and":[62,76,101,119,153],"unknown":[63],"uniform":[64],"designs.":[65],"distributes":[68],"personnel":[69],"information\u2014distinguishing":[70],"A,":[72],"B,":[74],"goalkeepers,":[75],"referees\u2014relying":[77],"solely":[78],"features":[81],"achieve":[83],"precise":[84],"clustering.":[85],"Compared":[86],"established":[88],"our":[91],"approach":[92],"demonstrated":[93],"superior":[94],"performance":[95],"benchmarks":[97],"including":[98],"Sn-gamestate":[100],"Soccernet-Tracing":[102],"datasets,":[103],"contain":[105],"<inline-formula":[106],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[107],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[108],"<tex-math":[109],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$81,000$":[110],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[111],"images.":[112],"Additionally,":[113],"we":[114],"developed":[115],"shadow":[117],"correction":[118],"enhancement":[121],"technique":[122],"tailored":[123],"unevenly":[125],"lit":[126],"scenes.":[128],"Experimental":[129],"results":[130],"show":[131],"that":[132],"this":[133],"significantly":[135],"improves":[136],"accuracy":[138],"challenging":[140],"conditions,":[142],"boosting":[143],"Adjusted":[145],"Rand":[146],"Index":[147],"(ARI)":[148],"by":[149],"at":[150],"least":[151],"0.2":[152],"enhancing":[154],"restoration":[156],"markedly.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
