{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404688356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3505921","title":"A Reliable Multicast Protocol for Streaming Services in Non-Terrestrial Networks","display_name":"A Reliable Multicast Protocol for Streaming Services in Non-Terrestrial Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404688356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3505921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3505921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3505921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3505921","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101645330","display_name":"Enping Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6575-7754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enping Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6575-7754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008447695","display_name":"Makoto Kobayashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-2092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57930482","display_name":"Hiroshima City University","ror":"https://ror.org/001et4e78","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57930482"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Makoto Kobayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-2092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57930482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019715983","display_name":"Takuya Fujihashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-0122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takuya Fujihashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-0122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100718372","display_name":"Md. Abdul Alim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5796-5714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Abdul Alim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5796-5714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001123770","display_name":"Shunsuke Saruwatari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1625-5521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunsuke Saruwatari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1625-5521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091759564","display_name":"Masahiro Nishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1537-3459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57930482","display_name":"Hiroshima City University","ror":"https://ror.org/001et4e78","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57930482"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masahiro Nishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1537-3459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57930482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046987979","display_name":"Takashi Watanabe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-9048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takashi Watanabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-9048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10566165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"176210","last_page":"176231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicast","display_name":"Multicast","score":0.843163251876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7987442016601562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7401108741760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliable-multicast","display_name":"Reliable multicast","score":0.6562975645065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5277353525161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pragmatic-general-multicast","display_name":"Pragmatic General Multicast","score":0.5177530646324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-independent-multicast","display_name":"Protocol Independent Multicast","score":0.4982128143310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-specific-multicast","display_name":"Source-specific multicast","score":0.49036169052124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia-broadcast-multicast-service","display_name":"Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service","score":0.449537992477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-group-management-protocol","display_name":"Internet Group Management Protocol","score":0.44636014103889465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xcast","display_name":"Xcast","score":0.43041878938674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ip-multicast","display_name":"IP multicast","score":0.4160844683647156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32295351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899288","display_name":"Multicast","level":2,"score":0.843163251876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7987442016601562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7401108741760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174174714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310997","display_name":"Reliable multicast","level":4,"score":0.6562975645065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5277353525161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112037812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2107523","display_name":"Pragmatic General Multicast","level":4,"score":0.5177530646324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44892269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782752","display_name":"Protocol Independent Multicast","level":3,"score":0.4982128143310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18787934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7565105","display_name":"Source-specific multicast","level":3,"score":0.49036169052124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77757571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501483","display_name":"Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service","level":3,"score":0.449537992477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49375483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14149","display_name":"Internet Group Management Protocol","level":5,"score":0.44636014103889465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192059732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3823050","display_name":"Xcast","level":3,"score":0.43041878938674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150329594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2711392","display_name":"IP multicast","level":3,"score":0.4160844683647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3505921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3505921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/ca4852f7-8cfb-4892-a0ae-b1bf97d1f71c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/ca4852f7-8cfb-4892-a0ae-b1bf97d1f71c","pdf_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/766626829/A_Reliable_Multicast_Protocol_for_Streaming_Services_in_Non-Terrestrial_Networks.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zhou, E, Kobayashi, M, Fujihashi, T, Alim, M A, Saruwatari, S, Nishi, M & Watanabe, T 2024, 'A Reliable Multicast Protocol for Streaming Services in Non-Terrestrial Networks', IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 176210-176231. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3505921","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c1307778da047bcb2f6554a13bfb588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c1307778da047bcb2f6554a13bfb588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 176210-176231 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp:11094/101081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3505921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402540","display_name":"OUKA (Osaka University Knowledge Archive) (Osaka University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","host_organization_name":"The University of Osaka","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01056:0006761664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11094/101081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3505921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3505921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3142809839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP19H01101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320212","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6813030226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP19H01101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320212","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London","ror":"https://ror.org/02m7axw05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335153","display_name":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029895718","https://openalex.org/W2072954869","https://openalex.org/W2075204302","https://openalex.org/W2098142677","https://openalex.org/W2141071892","https://openalex.org/W2240045799","https://openalex.org/W2544935657","https://openalex.org/W2613052597","https://openalex.org/W2734990044","https://openalex.org/W2892656107","https://openalex.org/W2920823518","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2995782276","https://openalex.org/W3002619051","https://openalex.org/W3026202281","https://openalex.org/W3040592963","https://openalex.org/W3081243160","https://openalex.org/W3107240814","https://openalex.org/W3129849076","https://openalex.org/W3154299774","https://openalex.org/W3168634178","https://openalex.org/W3169387842","https://openalex.org/W3210050257","https://openalex.org/W3212813280","https://openalex.org/W4206653998","https://openalex.org/W4285246802","https://openalex.org/W4290043192","https://openalex.org/W4290996220","https://openalex.org/W4310793395","https://openalex.org/W4315783214","https://openalex.org/W4360616521","https://openalex.org/W4367277157","https://openalex.org/W4391892499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185546413","https://openalex.org/W1572027271","https://openalex.org/W250934113","https://openalex.org/W2362357250","https://openalex.org/W1898160502","https://openalex.org/W2060891139","https://openalex.org/W2376449535","https://openalex.org/W2546879687","https://openalex.org/W2388612496","https://openalex.org/W1996499381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,14,94,158,172,197,233],"increasing":[2],"popularity":[3],"of":[4,199],"extended":[5],"reality":[6],"(XR)":[7],"applications":[8,259],"in":[9,229,260],"sixth-generation":[10],"(6G)":[11],"communication":[12,21],"systems,":[13],"demand":[15],"for":[16,71,226,257],"low-latency":[17],"and":[18,49,83,103,129,134,164,191],"reliable":[19,66,188,227],"global":[20],"is":[22,221,255],"increasing.":[23],"Non-terrestrial":[24],"networks":[25,72],"(NTNs)":[26],"have":[27],"been":[28],"explored":[29],"as":[30,43,196],"potential":[31],"solutions":[32],"to":[33,91,113,124,139,171,186,209],"meet":[34],"these":[35],"requirements.":[36],"However,":[37],"NTNs":[38],"present":[39],"unique":[40],"challenges":[41],"such":[42],"long":[44],"propagation":[45],"delays,":[46],"satellite":[47,95,142,238],"movement,":[48],"handovers,":[50],"which":[51],"make":[52],"media":[53],"access":[54,111],"control":[55,120],"(MAC)":[56],"protocols":[57,190],"a":[58,118,130,222,236],"critical":[59],"topic.":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"proposes":[63],"an":[64],"NTN":[65],"multicast":[67,189,228,258],"(NTN-RM)":[68],"protocol":[69],"designed":[70,138],"comprising":[73],"multiple":[74,110],"low":[75],"earth":[76],"orbit":[77],"(LEO)":[78],"satellites,":[79],"high-altitude":[80],"platforms":[81],"(HAPs),":[82],"user":[84],"equipment":[85],"(UE).":[86],"NTN-RM":[87,156,179,220],"employs":[88],"multibeam":[89],"cellularization":[90],"efficiently":[92],"cover":[93],"area":[96],"by":[97,161,167,182],"dividing":[98],"it":[99],"into":[100],"independent":[101],"cells":[102],"uses":[104],"HAP":[105],"overhearing":[106],"along":[107],"with":[108],"non-orthogonal":[109],"(NOMA)":[112],"minimize":[114],"retransmission":[115],"delays.":[116],"Additionally,":[117,178],"queue":[119],"scheme":[121],"was":[122,137],"developed":[123],"ensure":[125],"seamless":[126],"NOMA":[127],"retransmissions,":[128],"beam":[131],"angle":[132],"adjustment":[133],"handover":[135],"method":[136],"effectively":[140],"manage":[141],"handovers.":[143],"Simulation":[144],"results":[145,217],"based":[146],"on":[147,232],"3rd":[148],"Generation":[149],"Partnership":[150],"Project":[151],"(3GPP)":[152],"releases":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"that":[155,219],"reduces":[157],"mean":[159],"latency":[160,234],"approximately":[162,168,183],"23%":[163],"decreases":[165],"jitter":[166],"75.8%":[169],"compared":[170,185],"conventional":[173],"LEO":[174,237],"direct":[175],"transmission":[176],"method.":[177],"improves":[180],"reliability":[181],"3.2\u20138.5%":[184],"recent":[187],"exhibits":[192],"robust":[193],"network":[194],"capacity":[195],"number":[198],"UE":[200],"increases":[201],"from":[202],"<inline-formula":[203,210,242],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[204,211,243,250],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[205,212,244,251],"<tex-math":[206,213,245,252],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{2}$":[207],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[208,248,254],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{8}$":[214],"</tex-math></inline-formula>.":[215],"These":[216],"suggest":[218],"more":[223],"suitable":[224],"approach":[225],"NTNs.":[230,261],"Based":[231],"results,":[235],"density":[239],"greater":[240],"than":[241],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5\\times":[246],"10^{-6}$":[247],"LEO<inline-formula":[249],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$/km^{2}$":[253],"recommended":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
