{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404627704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3504726","title":"Resolution Enhancement of Polar Ice Core Micro CT Scans via Deep Learning: A Comparative Study","display_name":"Resolution Enhancement of Polar Ice Core Micro CT Scans via Deep Learning: A Comparative Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404627704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3504726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3504726","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3504726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3504726","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084292110","display_name":"Faramarz Bagherzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-5640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faramarz Bagherzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-5640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056070224","display_name":"Johannes Freitag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2654-9440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Freitag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061113124","display_name":"Udo Frese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-6324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Udo Frese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-6324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087435020","display_name":"Pouya Tavousi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5023-5890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pouya Tavousi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5023-5890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076404482","display_name":"Frank Wilhelms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7688-3135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Wilhelms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"apc_paid":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"fwci":1.2697,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80348297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"175666","last_page":"175679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polar","display_name":"Polar","score":0.6485211253166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-core","display_name":"Ice core","score":0.6061492562294006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.5329607129096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4891958236694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.43792372941970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4237959086894989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.36754336953163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3503373861312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31598803400993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.11529466509819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10755029320716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.1049126386642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07011696696281433}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29705727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294562","display_name":"Polar","level":2,"score":0.6485211253166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205325660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258914","display_name":"Ice core","level":2,"score":0.6061492562294006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.5329607129096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4891958236694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.43792372941970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4237959086894989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.36754336953163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3503373861312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31598803400993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.11529466509819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10755029320716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.1049126386642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07011696696281433}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3504726","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3504726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d36066f010a46b28805e870d1555367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d36066f010a46b28805e870d1555367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 175666-175679 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/147205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/147205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3504726","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3504726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521815764","https://openalex.org/W1885185971","https://openalex.org/W1953757296","https://openalex.org/W1978974901","https://openalex.org/W2022118037","https://openalex.org/W2028911404","https://openalex.org/W2034358477","https://openalex.org/W2035677848","https://openalex.org/W2064979191","https://openalex.org/W2067390773","https://openalex.org/W2086551610","https://openalex.org/W2097074225","https://openalex.org/W2116955752","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2157494358","https://openalex.org/W2164582906","https://openalex.org/W2311327494","https://openalex.org/W2769556951","https://openalex.org/W2780544323","https://openalex.org/W2782945719","https://openalex.org/W2794725043","https://openalex.org/W2866634454","https://openalex.org/W2889412653","https://openalex.org/W2905467970","https://openalex.org/W2915142517","https://openalex.org/W2962934715","https://openalex.org/W2973127257","https://openalex.org/W2998792609","https://openalex.org/W3001914923","https://openalex.org/W3013529009","https://openalex.org/W3044296211","https://openalex.org/W3096953734","https://openalex.org/W3116631623","https://openalex.org/W3186561181","https://openalex.org/W4223918765","https://openalex.org/W4280572082","https://openalex.org/W4293221559","https://openalex.org/W4295907703","https://openalex.org/W4296219958","https://openalex.org/W4303444766","https://openalex.org/W4304805754","https://openalex.org/W4307875511","https://openalex.org/W4308313958","https://openalex.org/W4308348734","https://openalex.org/W4311412321","https://openalex.org/W4315640443","https://openalex.org/W4317355005","https://openalex.org/W4320009740","https://openalex.org/W4362712224","https://openalex.org/W4366815591","https://openalex.org/W4376605039","https://openalex.org/W4383553809","https://openalex.org/W4386212327","https://openalex.org/W4386222258","https://openalex.org/W4387735921","https://openalex.org/W4388820230","https://openalex.org/W4389805655","https://openalex.org/W4391315917","https://openalex.org/W4391385913","https://openalex.org/W4392982562","https://openalex.org/W4394883885","https://openalex.org/W4401703352","https://openalex.org/W4401819283","https://openalex.org/W4402285752","https://openalex.org/W4402297786","https://openalex.org/W6845840526","https://openalex.org/W6907654306"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362774332","https://openalex.org/W4249245269","https://openalex.org/W2765548132","https://openalex.org/W2025681766","https://openalex.org/W2542402767","https://openalex.org/W3023086044","https://openalex.org/W2294441925","https://openalex.org/W2142226356","https://openalex.org/W3210000161","https://openalex.org/W3103111272"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"acquiring":[1],"microstructure":[2,10,42,71,127,156,187],"parameters":[3,157],"of":[4,25,99,251],"porous":[5],"materials":[6],"is":[7,36,59,79],"key":[8],"to":[9,38,67,220,247],"analysis.":[11,72],"Polar":[12],"ice":[13,40,53,182],"cores":[14],"are":[15],"frozen":[16],"time":[17],"capsules":[18],"holding":[19],"invaluable":[20],"information":[21],"about":[22],"past":[23],"climates":[24],"our":[26],"planet":[27],"in":[28,70,172,225,230,235],"their":[29],"microstructure.":[30],"Via":[31],"micro":[32],"CT":[33],"scanning":[34,45],"it":[35,177],"possible":[37],"capture":[39],"core":[41],"parameters,":[43],"however,":[44],"the":[46,75,84,142,173,184,204,214,238,248],"whole":[47],"firn":[48,174],"column":[49],"and":[50,62,92,101,106,123,155,191,232],"shallow":[51],"bubbly":[52,181],"($\\approx":[54],"150m$)":[55],"with":[56,108,138],"high-resolution":[57],"(HR)":[58],"practically":[60],"impossible":[61],"low-resolution":[63],"(LR)":[64],"scans":[65,103],"lead":[66],"unacceptable":[68],"errors":[69],"Therefore,":[73],"enhancing":[74],"resolution":[76,189],"before":[77],"analysis":[78],"essential.":[80],"First,":[81],"we":[82],"scanned":[83],"selected":[85,122],"specimens":[86],"two":[87],"times":[88],"(LR$120":[89],"~\\mu":[90,94],"$m,":[91],"HR$30":[93],"$m).":[95],"A":[96],"data":[97],"set":[98],"LR":[100],"HR":[102,143],"was":[104,163,178],"generated":[105],"aligned":[107],"image":[109,215],"registration.":[110],"Next,":[111],"several":[112],"SOTA":[113],"deep":[114],"learning":[115],"models":[116,133,167,193,212],"(SRCNN,":[117],"SRUnet,":[118],"DCSRN,":[119],"SRResnet)":[120],"were":[121,134,146],"modified":[124],"for":[125,188],"3D":[126],"super-resolution":[128],"(SR)":[129],"tasks.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"these":[132],"tested":[135],"on":[136,148,207],"samples":[137],"various":[139],"porosity":[140,223],"against":[141],"data.":[144],"Models":[145],"compared":[147,246],"both":[149],"pixel-wise":[150],"metrics":[151],"(e.g.":[152,158],"PNSR,":[153],"SSI)":[154],"SSA,":[159],"Permeability,":[160],"Tortuosity).":[161],"It":[162],"shown":[164],"that":[165,180],"SR":[166,192,211],"can":[168],"detect":[169],"tiny":[170],"channels":[171],"samples.":[175,252],"Also,":[176,237],"found":[179],"has":[183],"most":[185],"difficult":[186],"enhancement":[190],"could":[194],"improve":[195],"bubble":[196],"identification":[197],"by":[198],"15%.":[199],"Among":[200],"models,":[201],"SRResnet":[202],"had":[203,241],"best":[205],"performance":[206],"all":[208],"metrics.":[209],"These":[210],"improved":[213],"quality":[216],"(12%":[217],"PSNR),":[218],"leading":[219],"more":[221],"accurate":[222],"(57%":[224],"ice),":[226],"Euler":[227],"number":[228],"(10%":[229],"firn),":[231],"Tortuosity":[233],"(36%":[234],"snow).":[236],"estimated":[239],"weight":[240],"less":[242],"than":[243],"1%":[244],"error":[245],"measured":[249],"weights":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}