{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404371457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3498603","title":"A Smart Framework to Detect Threats and Protect Data of IoT Based on Machine Learning","display_name":"A Smart Framework to Detect Threats and Protect Data of IoT Based on Machine Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404371457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3498603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3498603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3498603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3498603","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114645995","display_name":"Ahmad M. Almasabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8637-4392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111472","display_name":"King Abdul Aziz University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01vv03303","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111472"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad M. Almasabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, KSA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8637-4392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, KSA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019492006","display_name":"Maher Khemakhem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1287-1634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maher Khemakhem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Department of Graduate Studies & Scientific Research, University of Prince Mugrin, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1287-1634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graduate Studies & Scientific Research, University of Prince Mugrin, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025984879","display_name":"Fathy Eassa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-9051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40279923","display_name":"Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j1w0q97","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40279923"]}],"countries":["BD","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fathy E. Eassa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Department of information technology, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University, Al-Madinah, KSA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-9051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of information technology, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University, Al-Madinah, KSA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40279923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052910316","display_name":"Adnan Ahmed Abi Sen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3909-6911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Ahmed Abi Sen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, University of Prince Mugrin, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","Department of Graduate Studies & Scientific Research, University of Prince Mugrin, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3909-6911","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, University of Prince Mugrin, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graduate Studies & Scientific Research, University of Prince Mugrin, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035129320","display_name":"Ahmad B. Alkhodre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-3552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40279923","display_name":"Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j1w0q97","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40279923"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["BD","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad B. Alkhodre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","Department of information technology, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University, Al-Madinah, KSA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-3552","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of information technology, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University, Al-Madinah, KSA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40279923"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014434344","display_name":"Ahmed Harbaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0764-8438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111472","display_name":"King Abdul Aziz University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01vv03303","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111472"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Harbaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, KSA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0764-8438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, KSA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.3709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95037114,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"176833","last_page":"176844"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.8392000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.8392000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7693991661071777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7394902110099792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5012166500091553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7693991661071777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7394902110099792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5012166500091553}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3498603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3498603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8ffc7b864d5d4dc4b5a9425a170a226c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8ffc7b864d5d4dc4b5a9425a170a226c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 176833-176844 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3498603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3498603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323502","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2611626082","https://openalex.org/W2791541188","https://openalex.org/W2796307943","https://openalex.org/W2805626176","https://openalex.org/W2810012679","https://openalex.org/W2885100636","https://openalex.org/W2885764768","https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W2946297772","https://openalex.org/W2980467294","https://openalex.org/W2982255332","https://openalex.org/W2983707097","https://openalex.org/W2998461375","https://openalex.org/W3021575588","https://openalex.org/W3085955590","https://openalex.org/W3099027680","https://openalex.org/W3128470182","https://openalex.org/W3132973698","https://openalex.org/W3135190561","https://openalex.org/W3162706835","https://openalex.org/W3177280216","https://openalex.org/W3202417356","https://openalex.org/W3214936667","https://openalex.org/W4285801345","https://openalex.org/W4294811443","https://openalex.org/W4304690441","https://openalex.org/W4319310775","https://openalex.org/W4323346399","https://openalex.org/W4360981010","https://openalex.org/W4376125930","https://openalex.org/W4386832027","https://openalex.org/W4391352088","https://openalex.org/W4392397329","https://openalex.org/W6752112621","https://openalex.org/W6773816207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25,78,95,118,146],"widespread":[1],"use":[2],"of":[3,35,81,114,154,170,180],"IoT":[4,73,139,194],"devices":[5],"has":[6],"introduced":[7],"new":[8],"challenges,":[9],"particularly":[10],"related":[11],"to":[12,53,65,110,124,188],"security":[13,37,190],"and":[14,22,38,51,68,75,92,152,159,163,172,191,196],"privacy":[15,39,192],"threats":[16,164],"such":[17],"as":[18,142],"unauthorized":[19],"data":[20,90],"access":[21],"device":[23],"breaches.":[24],"high":[26],"demand":[27],"for":[28,41,47,89],"these":[29,55,203],"devices,":[30],"coupled":[31],"with":[32],"the":[33,45,82,104,112,115,143,149],"lack":[34],"strong":[36],"systems":[40],"user":[42],"data,":[43],"highlights":[44],"need":[46],"more":[48],"effective":[49],"approaches":[50],"solutions":[52],"address":[54],"issues.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"study,":[59],"we":[60,133,197],"propose":[61],"a":[62,86,137],"framework":[63,84,96],"designed":[64],"audit,":[66],"test,":[67],"detect":[69],"potential":[70,161],"vulnerabilities":[71,162],"within":[72,193],"environments":[74],"their":[76],"applications.":[77],"main":[79],"components":[80],"proposed":[83],"include":[85],"machine-learning":[87],"algorithm":[88,119],"classification":[91,116,122,130],"attack":[93],"detection.":[94],"also":[97,198],"introduces":[98],"two":[99],"additional":[100],"features":[101],"calculated":[102],"by":[103],"edge":[105],"computing":[106],"layer":[107],"(fog":[108],"layer)":[109],"enhance":[111,189],"accuracy":[113,178],"algorithm.":[117],"uses":[120],"multiple":[121],"models":[123],"improve":[125],"accuracy.":[126],"To":[127],"assess":[128],"our":[129,155],"algorithm\u2019s":[131],"efficiency,":[132,151],"implemented":[134],"it":[135],"using":[136],"real":[138],"dataset":[140],"known":[141],"TON_IoT":[144],"dataset.":[145],"results":[147],"demonstrated":[148],"accuracy,":[150],"precision":[153],"approach":[156],"in":[157,202],"detecting":[158],"mitigating":[160],"like":[165],"Tamper":[166],"Data,":[167],"Injection,":[168],"Denial":[169],"Service,":[171],"Backdoor":[173],"attacks.":[174],"We":[175],"achieved":[176],"an":[177],"rate":[179],"over":[181],"98%.":[182],"Our":[183],"findings":[184],"offer":[185],"valuable":[186],"recommendations":[187],"systems,":[195],"explore":[199],"emerging":[200],"trends":[201],"areas.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}