{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404294063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3496666","title":"LegalReasoner: A Multi-Stage Framework for Legal Judgment Prediction via Large Language Models and Knowledge Integration","display_name":"LegalReasoner: A Multi-Stage Framework for Legal Judgment Prediction via Large Language Models and Knowledge Integration","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404294063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3496666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3496666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3496666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3496666","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114205934","display_name":"Xuran Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuran Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055255463","display_name":"Xinguang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9250-6823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114203471","display_name":"University of Gloucestershire","ror":"https://ror.org/00wygct11","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinguang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","School of Business, Computing and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, Computing and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114502441","display_name":"Vanessa Hoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanessa Hoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, School of Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, School of Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108989350","display_name":"Z. Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhouhang Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112839835","display_name":"Xuguang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6703-8263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114203471","display_name":"University of Gloucestershire","ror":"https://ror.org/00wygct11","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuguang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","School of Business, Computing and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, Computing and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114203471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114205934"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":48.9193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99845667,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"166843","last_page":"166854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14012","display_name":"Comparative and International Law Studies","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7033103108406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.5433782339096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45646822452545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4324973225593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3263058066368103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7033103108406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5433782339096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45646822452545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4324973225593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3263058066368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3496666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3496666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8e7e496d82b0436b91a5f99162d90a0b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8e7e496d82b0436b91a5f99162d90a0b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 166843-166854 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3496666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3496666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361209501","https://openalex.org/W2391197895","https://openalex.org/W2536769020","https://openalex.org/W2740833370","https://openalex.org/W2858159822","https://openalex.org/W2890026792","https://openalex.org/W2962854673","https://openalex.org/W2962940365","https://openalex.org/W2970986510","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3035668167","https://openalex.org/W3099950029","https://openalex.org/W3103181983","https://openalex.org/W3134141057","https://openalex.org/W3186492090","https://openalex.org/W4226275564","https://openalex.org/W4282586470","https://openalex.org/W4384918448","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386435222","https://openalex.org/W4391093744","https://openalex.org/W6752999927","https://openalex.org/W6753198114","https://openalex.org/W6777615688","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6791073853","https://openalex.org/W6811153525","https://openalex.org/W6854866820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Legal":[0],"judgment":[1,78,139],"prediction":[2],"(LJP)":[3],"presents":[4],"a":[5,61,96,110,124,128,144,234,243],"formidable":[6],"challenge":[7],"in":[8,31],"artificial":[9],"intelligence,":[10],"demanding":[11],"intricate":[12],"comprehension":[13],"of":[14,19,99,165,191,209,227],"legal":[15,49,55,77,87,100,135,229,247,256,268],"texts,":[16],"nuanced":[17],"interpretation":[18],"statutes,":[20],"and":[21,51,71,118,137,151,170,174,202,212,236,255,266],"complex":[22,134],"reasoning":[23,230],"over":[24,183],"multifaceted":[25],"case":[26],"elements.":[27],"While":[28],"recent":[29],"advancements":[30],"natural":[32],"language":[33,68],"processing":[34],"have":[35],"shown":[36],"promise,":[37],"existing":[38],"approaches":[39],"often":[40],"struggle":[41],"to":[42,114,132,148,205],"capture":[43],"the":[44,162,171,207,216,225,251,260],"sophisticated":[45],"interplay":[46],"between":[47,253],"facts,":[48],"principles,":[50],"precedents":[52,117],"that":[53,65,239],"characterize":[54],"decision-making.":[56],"This":[57],"paper":[58],"introduces":[59],"LegalReasoner,":[60],"novel":[62],"multi-stage":[63],"framework":[64,179],"leverages":[66],"large":[67],"models":[69],"(LLMs)":[70],"integrates":[72],"domain-specific":[73],"knowledge":[74,88],"for":[75,246,262],"enhanced":[76],"prediction.":[79],"Our":[80,178,220],"approach":[81],"encompasses":[82],"four":[83],"key":[84],"stages:":[85],"1)":[86],"infusion,":[89],"where":[90,141],"we":[91,142,197],"pre-train":[92],"an":[93,187],"LLM":[94],"on":[95,158],"vast":[97],"corpus":[98],"literature":[101],"using":[102],"contrastive":[103],"learning":[104],"techniques;":[105],"2)":[106],"case-law":[107],"retrieval,":[108],"employing":[109],"graph":[111],"neural":[112],"network":[113,147],"identify":[115],"relevant":[116],"statutes;":[119],"3)":[120],"multi-hop":[121],"reasoning,":[122],"utilizing":[123],"transformer-based":[125],"architecture":[126],"with":[127],"hierarchical":[129],"attention":[130],"mechanism":[131],"navigate":[133],"arguments;":[136],"4)":[138],"synthesis,":[140],"employ":[143],"generative":[145],"adversarial":[146],"produce":[149],"coherent":[150],"legally":[152],"sound":[153],"judgments.":[154],"We":[155],"evaluate":[156],"LegalReasoner":[157,258],"two":[159],"diverse":[160],"datasets:":[161],"European":[163],"Court":[164],"Human":[166],"Rights":[167],"(ECHR)":[168],"cases":[169],"Chinese":[172],"AI":[173,254],"Law":[175],"Challenge":[176],"(CAIL2018).":[177],"demonstrates":[180],"substantial":[181],"improvements":[182],"state-of-the-art":[184],"baselines,":[185],"achieving":[186],"average":[188],"accuracy":[189],"increase":[190],"7.8%":[192],"across":[193],"all":[194],"datasets.":[195],"Furthermore,":[196],"conduct":[198],"extensive":[199],"ablation":[200],"studies":[201],"interpretability":[203],"analyses":[204],"elucidate":[206],"contributions":[208],"each":[210],"component":[211],"provide":[213],"insights":[214],"into":[215],"model\u2019s":[217],"decision-making":[218,269],"process.":[219],"work":[221],"not":[222],"only":[223],"advances":[224],"field":[226],"automated":[228],"but":[231],"also":[232],"offers":[233],"transparent":[235],"explainable":[237],"system":[238],"could":[240],"serve":[241],"as":[242],"valuable":[244],"tool":[245],"professionals.":[248],"By":[249],"bridging":[250],"gap":[252],"expertise,":[257],"paves":[259],"way":[261],"more":[263],"efficient,":[264],"consistent,":[265],"fair":[267],"processes.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}