{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404238382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3495535","title":"General-Purpose Languages for Blockchain Smart Contracts Development: A Comprehensive Study","display_name":"General-Purpose Languages for Blockchain Smart Contracts Development: A Comprehensive Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404238382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3495535"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3495535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3495535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3495535","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022121180","display_name":"Luca Olivieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8074-8980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca Olivieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8074-8980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011667986","display_name":"Vincenzo Arceri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5150-0393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124601658","display_name":"University of Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Arceri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5150-0393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099055755","display_name":"Badaruddin Chachar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2718-1882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Badaruddin Chachar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2718-1882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004173744","display_name":"Luca Negrini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-8854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Negrini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-8854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081858147","display_name":"Fabio Tagliaferro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-8768"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Tagliaferro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equixly Srl, Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-8768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equixly Srl, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051480560","display_name":"Fausto Spoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-0384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fausto Spoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-0384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070919681","display_name":"Pietro Ferrara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-933X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Ferrara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4678-933X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015116587","display_name":"Agostino Cortesi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-5440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agostino Cortesi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-5440","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca&#x2019; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022121180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.9806,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94450034,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"166855","last_page":"166869"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9495999813079834,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9572600722312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7037719488143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5878243446350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4913112223148346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development","display_name":"Development (topology)","score":0.43937474489212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39374101161956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11092197895050049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9572600722312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7037719488143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5878243446350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4913112223148346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5266672","display_name":"Development (topology)","level":2,"score":0.43937474489212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39374101161956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11092197895050049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3495535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3495535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3a3b56f074c14634a4420e3f8498b7ed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3a3b56f074c14634a4420e3f8498b7ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 166855-166869 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unive.it:10278/5083652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10278/5083652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402336","display_name":"ARCA (Universit\u00e0 Ca' Foscari Venezia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","host_organization_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3495535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3495535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4194048961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MUR_DM737_2022_FIL_PROGETTI_B_ARCERI_COFIN, CUP: D91B210 05370003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322875","funder_display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322875","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155028447","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2589660059","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2794481009","https://openalex.org/W2809409966","https://openalex.org/W2914554654","https://openalex.org/W2920932783","https://openalex.org/W2963723316","https://openalex.org/W2963999122","https://openalex.org/W2970842830","https://openalex.org/W2975871742","https://openalex.org/W2998733773","https://openalex.org/W3003963488","https://openalex.org/W3007114491","https://openalex.org/W3011408547","https://openalex.org/W3015725655","https://openalex.org/W3046073225","https://openalex.org/W3047774122","https://openalex.org/W3084119526","https://openalex.org/W3089656219","https://openalex.org/W3097702351","https://openalex.org/W3111084776","https://openalex.org/W3137970274","https://openalex.org/W3153426194","https://openalex.org/W3173675608","https://openalex.org/W3183146186","https://openalex.org/W3187291586","https://openalex.org/W4205736458","https://openalex.org/W4206926254","https://openalex.org/W4214667959","https://openalex.org/W4226145659","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4281688915","https://openalex.org/W4281769038","https://openalex.org/W4281855049","https://openalex.org/W4282047410","https://openalex.org/W4296371626","https://openalex.org/W4300667417","https://openalex.org/W4302292975","https://openalex.org/W4308410075","https://openalex.org/W4381746924","https://openalex.org/W4385985002","https://openalex.org/W4388758165","https://openalex.org/W4388858789","https://openalex.org/W4391315865","https://openalex.org/W4399147153","https://openalex.org/W4399450568","https://openalex.org/W4400586581","https://openalex.org/W4401070496","https://openalex.org/W4403628868","https://openalex.org/W6719987976","https://openalex.org/W6733089705","https://openalex.org/W6773008662","https://openalex.org/W6794917525","https://openalex.org/W6929077212"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4396713893","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949","https://openalex.org/W4285166115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1,124],"are":[2,22,56,147,188],"undoubtedly":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,12,18,31,49,59,108,117,144,160,164,176,184],"the":[6,13,29,40,88,99,109,115,118],"most":[7,100,119],"successful":[8],"and":[9,69,84,125,155],"popular":[10,101,120],"applications":[11,33],"blockchain":[14,170,191],"industry.":[15],"They":[16],"consist":[17],"computer":[19],"programs":[20],"that":[21,132,187],"stored":[23],"in":[24,122,190],"blockchain,":[25,97],"typically":[26],"immutable,":[27],"allowing":[28],"creation":[30],"decentralized":[32],"(DApps).":[34],"Their":[35],"source":[36],"code":[37],"describes":[38],"how":[39,145],"blockchain\u2019s":[41],"global":[42],"state":[43],"should":[44],"evolve":[45],"as":[46],"a":[47,78,142,173],"consequence":[48],"input":[50],"received":[51],"from":[52],"transaction":[53],"requests.":[54],"There":[55],"two":[57],"categories":[58],"programming":[60,185],"languages":[61,67,71,186],"for":[62,81,93,135,157],"writing":[63,136],"smart":[64,123,137,151],"contracts:":[65],"domain-specific":[66],"(DSLs)":[68],"general-purpose":[70],"(GPLs).":[72],"The":[73,162],"research":[74],"community":[75],"has":[76],"spent":[77],"great":[79],"effort":[80],"proposing,":[82],"studying,":[83],"verifying":[85],"DSLs,":[86],"while":[87,178],"same":[89],"is":[90,167],"not":[91],"true":[92],"GPLs":[94,121,134,146],"applied":[95],"to":[96,149,168],"although":[98],"blockchains":[102,131],"adopt":[103],"them":[104],"at":[105],"different":[106],"levels":[107],"software":[110],"development.":[111,127],"This":[112],"paper":[113],"investigates":[114],"use":[116,133],"DApps":[126],"It":[128],"first":[129],"overviews":[130],"contracts.":[138],"Then,":[139],"it":[140],"provides":[141],"taxonomy":[143],"used":[148],"develop":[150],"contracts,":[152],"highlighting":[153],"limitations":[154],"challenges":[156],"each":[158],"type":[159],"GPL.":[161],"goal":[163],"this":[165,182],"study":[166],"provide":[169],"practitioners":[171],"with":[172],"better":[174],"comprehension":[175],"GPLs,":[177],"shedding":[179],"light":[180],"on":[181],"class":[183],"widespread":[189],"software.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2024-11-12T00:00:00"}
