{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404056841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3492113","title":"Intelligent Spectrum and Airspace Resource Management for Urban Air Mobility Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Intelligent Spectrum and Airspace Resource Management for Urban Air Mobility Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404056841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3492113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3492113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3492113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3492113","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056335361","display_name":"Rafael D. Apaza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799786008","display_name":"Glenn Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/059fqnc42","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799786008","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafael D. Apaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3060-2637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799786008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084554263","display_name":"Ruixuan Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5174-6318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruixuan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5174-6318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103108048","display_name":"Hongxiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-2128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-2128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060568983","display_name":"Eric J. Knoblock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-2704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799786008","display_name":"Glenn Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/059fqnc42","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799786008","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric J. Knoblock","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-2704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799786008"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056335361"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799786008"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.6246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96627279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"164750","last_page":"164766"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11599","display_name":"Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9135000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.756702721118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6331984996795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.43039798736572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.3613196611404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32844215631484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2562025189399719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24056583642959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1923115849494934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.756702721118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6331984996795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43039798736572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.3613196611404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32844215631484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2562025189399719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24056583642959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1923115849494934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3492113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3492113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fde637ac29684e6a84a7770187080113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fde637ac29684e6a84a7770187080113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 164750-164766 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3492113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3492113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4639136525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80LARC17C0004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332372","funder_display_name":"Glenn Research Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332372","display_name":"Glenn Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/059fqnc42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2809961337","https://openalex.org/W2811438975","https://openalex.org/W2896089337","https://openalex.org/W2951549253","https://openalex.org/W3105695615","https://openalex.org/W3120410509","https://openalex.org/W3131155795","https://openalex.org/W3213819354","https://openalex.org/W4308092276","https://openalex.org/W4308092813","https://openalex.org/W4315474755","https://openalex.org/W4388561850","https://openalex.org/W6685444567","https://openalex.org/W6739516088","https://openalex.org/W6749304979","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6796436736","https://openalex.org/W6858809654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,203],"an":[1],"era":[2],"dominated":[3],"by":[4,161],"a":[5,18,82,96,100,208,223,238],"surge":[6],"in":[7,222],"air":[8],"travel":[9],"and":[10,41,53,106,126,137,157,167,200,212,237],"heightened":[11],"reliance":[12],"on":[13,65],"efficient":[14],"communication":[15],"systems,":[16],"there\u2019s":[17],"critical":[19],"need":[20,98],"to":[21,29,37,59,69,103,120,151],"smartly":[22],"allocate":[23],"frequency":[24,51,138,153,192],"resources":[25,52],"for":[26,49,99],"aviation":[27,92],"communications":[28],"efficiently":[30,104],"manage":[31,105],"airspace":[32,71,136],"operations.":[33],"This":[34,109],"is":[35,95,184,229],"essential":[36],"ensure":[38],"safe,":[39],"smooth,":[40],"technologically":[42],"advanced":[43],"flight":[44,155,168,201],"services.":[45],"Over":[46],"time,":[47,156,178],"techniques":[48],"managing":[50,162],"new":[54,101],"radio":[55],"technologies":[56],"have":[57],"evolved":[58],"cope":[60],"with":[61,132],"the":[62,66,74,89,112,133,145,172,179,214,217],"increased":[63],"demands":[64],"system":[67],"due":[68],"growing":[70],"activities.":[72],"With":[73],"development":[75],"of":[76,114,135,174,216],"Urban":[77],"Air":[78],"Mobility":[79],"(UAM)":[80],"operations,":[81],"fresh":[83],"challenge":[84],"has":[85],"emerged,":[86],"further":[87],"burdening":[88],"already":[90],"limited":[91],"spectrum.":[93],"There":[94],"pressing":[97],"approach":[102,143],"utilize":[107],"frequencies.":[108],"paper":[110],"explores":[111],"application":[113],"Multi-agent":[115],"Reinforcement":[116],"Learning":[117],"(MARL)":[118],"technique":[119,150,219],"minimize":[121],"aircraft":[122,198],"mission":[123,176],"completion":[124,177],"time":[125],"enhance":[127],"safety,":[128],"all":[129],"while":[130],"dealing":[131],"limitations":[134],"resources.":[139],"The":[140,227],"proposed":[141],"MARL":[142,218],"utilizes":[144],"Value":[146],"Decomposition":[147],"Network":[148],"(VDN)":[149],"optimize":[152],"use,":[154],"departure":[158],"wait":[159],"times":[160],"spectrum":[163],"allocation,":[164],"vehicle":[165],"departure,":[166],"speed.":[169],"To":[170],"achieve":[171],"goal":[173],"minimizing":[175],"Markov":[180],"Decision":[181],"Process":[182],"(MDP)":[183],"utilized.":[185],"It":[186],"takes":[187],"into":[188],"account":[189],"factors":[190],"like":[191],"channel":[193],"availability,":[194],"signal-to-interference-plus-noise":[195],"power":[196],"ratio,":[197],"location,":[199],"status.":[202],"our":[204],"investigation,":[205],"we":[206],"develop":[207],"case":[209],"study":[210],"scenario":[211],"assess":[213],"performance":[215],"through":[220],"simulation":[221],"hypothetical":[224],"UAM":[225],"scenario.":[226],"solution":[228],"evaluated":[230],"against":[231],"Q-Mixing":[232],"(QMIX),":[233],"Orthogonal":[234],"Multiple":[235],"Access":[236],"Heuristic":[239],"Greedy":[240],"Algorithm.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}