{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404056954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491831","title":"Cutting-Edge Intrusion Detection in IoT Networks: A Focus on Ensemble Models","display_name":"Cutting-Edge Intrusion Detection in IoT Networks: A Focus on Ensemble Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404056954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491831"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3491831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491831","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069733043","display_name":"Najm Us Sama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1590-9562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22128151","display_name":"University of Derby","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhrrk59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Najm Us Sama","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Derby, Derby, U.K","School of computing, University of derby, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1590-9562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Derby, Derby, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of computing, University of derby, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001186931","display_name":"Saeed Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8946-7640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22128151","display_name":"University of Derby","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhrrk59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Derby, Derby, U.K","School of computing, University of derby, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8946-7640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Derby, Derby, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of computing, University of derby, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023238359","display_name":"S. M. Ahsan Kazmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7138-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","display_name":"University of the West of England","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwg5t34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. M. Ahsan Kazmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, U.K","School of Computer Science and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075175655","display_name":"Manuel Mazzara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-4948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116741","display_name":"Innopolis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b7jh107","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Mazzara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Software Development and Engineering, Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia","Institute of Software Development and Engineering, Innopolis University, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-4948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software Development and Engineering, Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software Development and Engineering, Innopolis University, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.5453,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95343641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"8375","last_page":"8392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9003000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.744085431098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6933363080024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6400610208511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6220296025276184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5265843272209167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4335933327674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.361997127532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21207839250564575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.744085431098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6933363080024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6400610208511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6220296025276184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5265843272209167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4335933327674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.361997127532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21207839250564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3491831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7929dfabcbf74e918bf4ca5cef65d48f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7929dfabcbf74e918bf4ca5cef65d48f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 8375-8392 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3491831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311710","display_name":"University of Derby","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhrrk59"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2756063524","https://openalex.org/W2953409786","https://openalex.org/W2987201163","https://openalex.org/W2991140181","https://openalex.org/W3001336289","https://openalex.org/W3006696868","https://openalex.org/W3023314443","https://openalex.org/W3033403042","https://openalex.org/W3037851023","https://openalex.org/W3095075163","https://openalex.org/W3126698296","https://openalex.org/W3132973698","https://openalex.org/W3133564241","https://openalex.org/W3144142665","https://openalex.org/W3206599325","https://openalex.org/W3210361010","https://openalex.org/W4206510620","https://openalex.org/W4212986808","https://openalex.org/W4246948871","https://openalex.org/W4281485841","https://openalex.org/W4281493093","https://openalex.org/W4285732709","https://openalex.org/W4291158430","https://openalex.org/W4313313328","https://openalex.org/W4313591247","https://openalex.org/W4313891707","https://openalex.org/W4318570479","https://openalex.org/W4319316768","https://openalex.org/W4321016094","https://openalex.org/W4323338381","https://openalex.org/W4323342839","https://openalex.org/W4323979650","https://openalex.org/W4361010174","https://openalex.org/W4361292119","https://openalex.org/W4367050303","https://openalex.org/W4367309662","https://openalex.org/W4381568796","https://openalex.org/W4381806318","https://openalex.org/W4386413091","https://openalex.org/W4387935021","https://openalex.org/W4390561469","https://openalex.org/W4392694748","https://openalex.org/W4392716258","https://openalex.org/W4392949721","https://openalex.org/W4393115034","https://openalex.org/W4396643793","https://openalex.org/W4400823820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W4361251261","https://openalex.org/W3031181660","https://openalex.org/W4238100021"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,26,80,105],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,28,42,119,140,174],"Things":[4],"(IoT)":[5],"landscape":[6],"rapidly":[7],"evolves,":[8],"robust":[9],"network":[10],"security":[11,163],"measures":[12],"are":[13],"imperative.":[14],"In":[15],"particular,":[16],"Intrusion":[17],"Detection":[18],"Systems":[19],"play":[20],"a":[21,38,172],"very":[22,78],"important":[23,159],"role":[24],"in":[25,67,91,150],"preservation":[27],"an":[29,117],"IoT":[30,68,114,154],"environment":[31],"from":[32,171],"malicious":[33],"activities.":[34],"This":[35],"paper":[36],"provides":[37],"comprehensive":[39],"performance":[40],"comparison":[41],"various":[43],"machine":[44],"learning":[45],"classifiers,":[46],"including":[47],"K-Nearest":[48],"Neighbors,":[49],"Gradient":[50],"Boosting,":[51],"XGBoost,":[52,83],"Support":[53],"Vector":[54],"Machines,":[55],"Random":[56],"Forests,":[57],"Decision":[58],"Trees,":[59,63],"and":[60,85,95,124,127,136,166],"Extremely":[61],"Randomized":[62],"for":[64,109,153],"intrusion":[65,151],"detection":[66,112,152],"networks.":[69],"Comparative":[70],"analysis":[71],"shows":[72],"that":[73,146],"although":[74],"all":[75],"models":[76],"did":[77],"well,":[79],"ensemble":[81,147],"methods\u2014GB,":[82],"RF,":[84],"ERT\u2014constantly":[86],"performed":[87],"better":[88],"than":[89],"others":[90],"F1-Score,":[92],"recall,":[93],"accuracy,":[94],"precision.":[96],"Among":[97],"them,":[98],"ERT":[99],"is":[100],"turned":[101],"out":[102,131],"to":[103,132,161],"be":[104],"most":[106],"effective":[107],"model":[108],"real-time":[110],"attack":[111],"on":[113],"devices,":[115],"with":[116,138],"accuracy":[118,137],"99.7%":[120],"besides":[121],"excellent":[122],"precision":[123],"recall.":[125],"XGBoost":[126],"RF":[128],"also":[129],"turn":[130],"have":[133],"high":[134],"reliability":[135],"F1-Scores":[139],"0.95.":[141],"These":[142],"findings":[143],"further":[144],"underscore":[145],"methods":[148],"outperform":[149],"networks":[155,165],"and,":[156],"thus,":[157],"offer":[158],"insights":[160],"improve":[162],"within":[164],"protect":[167],"critical":[168],"IoT-based":[169],"infrastructures":[170],"variety":[173],"threats.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
