{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404035253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491306","title":"Optimizing AI Transformer Models for <i>CO</i>\u2082 Emission Prediction in Self-Driving Vehicles With Mobile/Multi-Access Edge Computing Support","display_name":"Optimizing AI Transformer Models for <i>CO</i>\u2082 Emission Prediction in Self-Driving Vehicles With Mobile/Multi-Access Edge Computing Support","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404035253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3491306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491306","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013529288","display_name":"Javier S\u00e1ez-P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-9798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Saez-Perez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-9798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080881908","display_name":"Pablo Benlloch-Caballero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-7467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Benlloch-Caballero","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052217298","display_name":"David Tena-Gago","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0593-442X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Tena-Gago","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019125954","display_name":"Jose Garcia-Rodriguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8057-5706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Garcia-Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain","University of Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049376858","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Alcaraz Calero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-7595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Maria Alcaraz Calero","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341330","display_name":"Qi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-9858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-9858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4925,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63239464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"179689","last_page":"179706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9312000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6547002792358398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.4999203681945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.45862501859664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.41218283772468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2669260501861572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6547002792358398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4999203681945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.45862501859664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.41218283772468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2669260501861572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3491306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/0358d609-3101-412c-8afe-17c0ca61a737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/en/publications/0358d609-3101-412c-8afe-17c0ca61a737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055384","display_name":"The UWS Academic Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Saez-Perez, J, Benlloch-Caballero, P, Tena-Gago, D, Garcia-Rodriguez, J, Alcaraz Calero, J M & Wang, Q 2024, 'Optimizing AI transformer models for CO 2 emission prediction in self-driving vehicles with mobile/multi-access edge computing support', IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 179689-179706. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3491306","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e825ed513af74a259257aa1da78bbc0c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e825ed513af74a259257aa1da78bbc0c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 179689-179706 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rua.ua.es:10045/148951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10045/148951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400416","display_name":"Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","host_organization_name":"University of Alicante","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3491306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3491306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2798405286","https://openalex.org/W3038038902","https://openalex.org/W3159226409","https://openalex.org/W3194222729","https://openalex.org/W3194924852","https://openalex.org/W3209038959","https://openalex.org/W4200008173","https://openalex.org/W4200024452","https://openalex.org/W4200147624","https://openalex.org/W4200285022","https://openalex.org/W4206357683","https://openalex.org/W4206760027","https://openalex.org/W4206922034","https://openalex.org/W4286959403","https://openalex.org/W4294325604","https://openalex.org/W4312058654","https://openalex.org/W4318050025","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4389988639","https://openalex.org/W4391217692","https://openalex.org/W4392659481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4361251304","https://openalex.org/W4324372666","https://openalex.org/W4225706866","https://openalex.org/W3024547383","https://openalex.org/W4210813012","https://openalex.org/W2914646191","https://openalex.org/W3174690704","https://openalex.org/W4386004629","https://openalex.org/W2968424451","https://openalex.org/W4221092438"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,55,64,71,85,90,101,105,133,144,153,159,166,179,183,199,206,250,267],"increasing":[2],"prominence":[3],"of":[4,46,57,66,96,104,137,176,205,229],"self-driving":[5,52,128],"vehicles,":[6,129],"there":[7],"has":[8,28,280],"been":[9,281],"a":[10,30,119,149,190,225],"pressing":[11],"need":[12],"to":[13,40,99,165,197,208,217,242,254],"accurately":[14],"estimate":[15],"their":[16,23,78],"carbon":[17],"dioxide":[18],"(CO2)":[19],"emissions":[20,43,125,155],"and":[21,62,70,76,80,116,169,210,278,284],"evaluate":[22],"environmental":[24],"sustainability.":[25],"This":[26],"paper":[27],"introduced":[29],"novel":[31],"approach":[32],"that":[33,151,170],"leverages":[34],"Artificial":[35],"Intelligence":[36],"(AI)":[37],"transformer":[38,73,107],"architectures":[39],"predict":[41],"CO2":[42,124,154],"in":[44,127,275],"Society":[45],"Automotive":[47],"Engineers":[48],"(SAE)":[49],"Level":[50],"2":[51,216],"cars,":[53],"surpassing":[54],"performance":[56,257],"previous":[58,160],"algorithms.":[59],"After":[60],"examining":[61],"comparing":[63],"use":[65],"previously":[67],"proposed":[68,72,106,139,200],"LSTM-based":[69],"architecture":[74],"(CO2ViT),":[75],"identifying":[77],"strengths":[79],"limitations,":[81],"we":[82,130,187],"have":[83,131,188,221,234],"explored":[84],"vehicular":[86],"networking":[87,111],"paradigm":[88],"with":[89,194,224,236],"Mobile/Multi-Access":[91],"Edge":[92],"Computing":[93],"(MEC)":[94],"capabilities":[95,136,196],"5G":[97,191,252,268],"infrastructure":[98,269],"provide":[100],"prediction":[102,126],"service":[103],"model":[108,141,150,162,207],"under":[109,258],"different":[110],"topologies.":[112],"Through":[113],"extensive":[114],"experimentation":[115],"evaluation":[117],"on":[118,143],"dataset":[120],"specifically":[121],"designed":[122],"for":[123,215,249,270],"demonstrated":[132],"superior":[134],"predictive":[135],"our":[138],"CO2ViT":[140],"based":[142],"Visual":[145],"Transformer":[146],"architecture,":[147],"achieving":[148],"predicts":[152],"71.14%":[156],"faster":[157],"than":[158],"state-of-the-art":[161],"(LSTM)":[163],"applied":[164],"same":[167],"problem":[168],"achieves":[171],"an":[172],"R2":[173],"higher":[174],"score":[175],"0.9898":[177],"against":[178],"one":[180],"achieved":[181],"by":[182],"LSTM":[184],"(0.9712).":[185],"Furthermore,":[186],"deployed":[189,262],"emulation":[192],"testbed":[193],"MEC":[195],"demonstrate":[198],"Deep":[201],"Learning":[202],"(DL)":[203],"resilience":[204],"changes":[209],"concurrent":[211,272],"connections.":[212],"While":[213],"delays":[214],"16":[218],"connected":[219,273],"vehicles":[220,274],"grown":[222],"linearly":[223],"maximum":[226],"delay":[227],"value":[228],"41.01":[230],"ms,":[231,286],"resource":[232],"limitations":[233],"arisen":[235],"32":[237],"or":[238],"more":[239],"cars":[240],"due":[241],"varied":[243],"delays,":[244],"necessitating":[245],"additional":[246],"physical":[247],"resources":[248],"emulated":[251],"network":[253],"achieve":[255],"better":[256],"high":[259],"stress.":[260],"The":[261],"models\u2019":[263],"inference":[264],"time":[265],"over":[266],"64":[271],"scenarios":[276],"A":[277],"B":[279],"4.31":[282],"ms":[283],"8.42":[285],"respectively.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2024-11-05T00:00:00"}