{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404035236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3490892","title":"A Performance Study on the Combination of Available GNSS and Potential LEO-PNT Constellations","display_name":"A Performance Study on the Combination of Available GNSS and Potential LEO-PNT Constellations","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404035236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3490892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3490892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3490892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3490892","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058602141","display_name":"Kaan \u00c7elikbilek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-8656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaan \u00c7elikbilek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere Wireless Research Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, Tampere, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere Wireless Research Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063382658","display_name":"Elena Simona Lohan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-6924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Simona Lohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere Wireless Research Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, Tampere, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere Wireless Research Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058602141"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4210133110"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.1316,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97254064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"162909","last_page":"162917"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8652141690254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.7664735913276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5948673486709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.4666943848133087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.37856972217559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3228113055229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.30546724796295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10201680660247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06885990500450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.06669095158576965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8652141690254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.7664735913276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5948673486709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.4666943848133087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.37856972217559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3228113055229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.30546724796295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10201680660247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06885990500450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.06669095158576965}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3490892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3490892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:453edb4b925f406cae099117b5cd1b03","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/453edb4b925f406cae099117b5cd1b03","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 162909-162917 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/211704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/211704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3490892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3490892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4320590024","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"352364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6040703930","display_name":"Enabling clean and sustainable water through smart UV/LED disinfection and SOLar energy utilization","funder_award_id":"352364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322282","display_name":"Jane ja Aatos Erkon S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","ror":"https://ror.org/03vxy9y38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2094655360","https://openalex.org/W2186664960","https://openalex.org/W2576454177","https://openalex.org/W2625474110","https://openalex.org/W2810753555","https://openalex.org/W2892301584","https://openalex.org/W2911431486","https://openalex.org/W2988734825","https://openalex.org/W3021894267","https://openalex.org/W3034813944","https://openalex.org/W3080282496","https://openalex.org/W3107995473","https://openalex.org/W4200528635","https://openalex.org/W4295832460","https://openalex.org/W4363679377","https://openalex.org/W4385301232","https://openalex.org/W4388422817","https://openalex.org/W4388696026","https://openalex.org/W4389623767","https://openalex.org/W4392903570","https://openalex.org/W4396227396","https://openalex.org/W4396719922","https://openalex.org/W4399154496","https://openalex.org/W4399214162","https://openalex.org/W4401243296"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W190814115","https://openalex.org/W1594059563","https://openalex.org/W3094200819","https://openalex.org/W2575763957","https://openalex.org/W4242020197","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W2374438526","https://openalex.org/W2051846109","https://openalex.org/W2358226434","https://openalex.org/W4399837273"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,25,39,43,61,81,89,108,119,133,140,182,207,226,233],"reduction":[2],"in":[3,18,30,131,192],"launch":[5],"and":[6,27,47,72,137,147,166,175,184,189,244],"manufacturing":[7],"costs":[8],"of":[9,16,42,83,91,110,122,217,225],"satellites,":[10],"there":[11,101],"has":[12,36],"been":[13],"a":[14,92,111,153,201,215],"surge":[15],"interest":[17,35],"Low-Earth":[19],"Orbit":[20],"(LEO)":[21],"satellites":[22],"from":[23,80,88,152],"both":[24],"industrial":[26],"academic":[28],"sectors":[29],"recent":[31],"years.":[32],"This":[33],"heightened":[34],"led":[37],"to":[38,60,117,256],"growing":[40],"popularity":[41],"LEO-based":[44,84],"Positioning,":[45],"Navigation,":[46],"Timing":[48],"(LEO-PNT)":[49],"systems,":[50],"which":[51],"are":[52,102,150,198,258],"seen":[53],"either":[54,79],"as":[55,168,170,236,238],"complementary":[56],"or":[57,87,223],"standalone":[58,93,112,145,188],"alternatives":[59],"current":[62],"Global":[63],"Navigation":[64],"Satellite":[65],"Systems":[66],"(GNSS).":[67],"Studies":[68],"that":[69,96,106,129,214],"explore":[70,139],"LEO":[71,94,113,146],"GNSS":[73,85,116,148,162,228,257],"systems":[74,149,220],"together":[75],"typically":[76],"do":[77],"it":[78],"perspective":[82,90],"augmentation":[86],"system":[95],"improves":[97],"over":[98],"GNSS.":[99],"However,":[100],"very":[103],"few":[104],"studies":[105],"examine":[107],"combination":[109,216],"constellation":[114,204],"with":[115,200,221],"improve":[118,232],"PNT":[120],"performances":[121,191],"each.":[123],"Thus,":[124],"we":[125,138,159,185],"take":[126],"an":[127,176,193],"approach":[128],"falls":[130],"between":[132],"two":[134,171,218],"typical":[135],"approaches,":[136],"expected":[141],"performance":[142],"improvement":[143],"when":[144,252],"combined,":[151],"LEO-PNT":[154,172,219,261],"perspective.":[155],"For":[156],"this":[157],"purpose,":[158],"selected":[160],"three":[161],"constellations":[163,173,229],"(GPS,":[164],"Galileo":[165],"BeiDou)":[167],"well":[169,237],"(Centispace":[174],"experimental":[177],"design,":[178],"previously":[179],"proposed":[180],"by":[181],"Authors),":[183],"analyze":[186],"their":[187],"combined":[190],"indoor":[194,234,250],"environment.":[195],"The":[196,211],"simulations":[197],"conducted":[199],"MATLAB-based":[202],"in-house":[203],"simulator":[205],"using":[206],"QuaDRiGa":[208],"channel-model":[209],"library.":[210],"results":[212],"indicate":[213],"one":[222],"several":[224],"available":[227],"can":[230],"significantly":[231],"coverage,":[235],"providing":[239],"good":[240,245],"received":[241],"signal":[242],"quality":[243,248],"geometric":[246],"configuration":[247],"for":[249,260],"positioning":[251],"frequency":[253],"bands":[254],"similar":[255],"used":[259],"constellations.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}