{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403863482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3487581","title":"QARR-FSQA: Question-Answer Replacement and Removal Pretraining Framework for Few-Shot Question Answering","display_name":"QARR-FSQA: Question-Answer Replacement and Removal Pretraining Framework for Few-Shot Question Answering","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403863482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3487581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3487581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3487581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3487581","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114086343","display_name":"Siao Wah Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siao Wah Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5016-1429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086127398","display_name":"Chin Poo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3679-8977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin Poo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3679-8977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017532046","display_name":"Kian Ming Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-7978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kian Ming Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-7978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033879444","display_name":"Tee Connie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-3831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Connie Tee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-3831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010388353","display_name":"Ali Alqahtani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-2657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Alqahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-2657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85896499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"159280","last_page":"159295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9212999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.6701676249504089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5637990236282349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shot","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","score":0.4380873739719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-shot","display_name":"One shot","score":0.43629294633865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36978548765182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.13030433654785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1113792359828949}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.6701676249504089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5637990236282349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778344882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278938","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","level":2,"score":0.4380873739719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992734406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413267","display_name":"One shot","level":2,"score":0.43629294633865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36978548765182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.13030433654785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1113792359828949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3487581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3487581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:13223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3473289f9780449e885289d1a7c90ea8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3473289f9780449e885289d1a7c90ea8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 159280-159295 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2476269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2476269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3487581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3487581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3390349935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP2/332/44","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7425396550","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RDTC/231084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","funder_display_name":"Research and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8647290688","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RDTC/231075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","funder_display_name":"Research and Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","display_name":"Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2963175042","https://openalex.org/W2963430447","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2988421999","https://openalex.org/W3015468748","https://openalex.org/W3034876042","https://openalex.org/W3034879633","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3102762626","https://openalex.org/W3104467951","https://openalex.org/W3176119108","https://openalex.org/W3176825161","https://openalex.org/W3198507920","https://openalex.org/W3201266133","https://openalex.org/W4252337780","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4288548690","https://openalex.org/W4298183015","https://openalex.org/W4301243929","https://openalex.org/W4307535105","https://openalex.org/W4308669478","https://openalex.org/W4365395074","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385573136","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6764256271","https://openalex.org/W6769311223","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6776048684","https://openalex.org/W6799853899","https://openalex.org/W6843243982","https://openalex.org/W6845404407","https://openalex.org/W6846238293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2497720472","https://openalex.org/W4292659306","https://openalex.org/W3044321615","https://openalex.org/W2806221744","https://openalex.org/W2326937258","https://openalex.org/W394267150","https://openalex.org/W2773965352","https://openalex.org/W4294892107","https://openalex.org/W2357748469","https://openalex.org/W2392917037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"Natural":[1],"Language":[2],"Processing,":[3],"creating":[4],"training":[5,31],"data":[6],"for":[7,66,137],"question":[8,45,111,130],"answering":[9,46],"(QA)":[10],"systems":[11],"typically":[12],"requires":[13],"significant":[14],"effort":[15],"and":[16,98,112,117,131,146,167,209,214,231],"expertise.":[17],"This":[18,35,222],"challenge":[19],"is":[20],"amplified":[21],"in":[22,182,190,207,212,216,227],"few-shot":[23,44,183,191,240],"scenarios":[24],"where":[25],"only":[26],"a":[27,38,81,86,92,96],"limited":[28,237],"number":[29],"of":[30,54,61,85,89,176,205],"samples":[32],"are":[33,140,148],"available.":[34],"paper":[36],"proposes":[37],"novel":[39],"pretraining":[40,158],"framework":[41],"to":[42,151],"enhance":[43],"(FSQA)":[47],"capabilities.":[48],"It":[49],"begins":[50],"with":[51,95,163,236],"the":[52,55,59,90,99,102,106,110,122,126,129,153,160,174,193,201,219,224],"selection":[53],"Discrete":[56],"Reasoning":[57],"Over":[58],"Content":[60],"Paragraphs":[62],"(DROP)":[63],"dataset,":[64],"designed":[65],"English":[67],"reading":[68],"comprehension":[69],"tasks":[70],"involving":[71],"various":[72],"reasoning":[73],"types.":[74],"Data":[75],"preprocessing":[76],"converts":[77],"question-answer":[78,138],"pairs":[79,139],"into":[80,128],"predefined":[82],"template,":[83],"consisting":[84],"concatenated":[87],"sequence":[88,108],"question,":[91],"mask":[93],"token":[94],"prefix,":[97],"context,":[100],"forming":[101],"input":[103],"sequence,":[104],"while":[105],"target":[107],"includes":[109],"answer.":[113],"The":[114,170],"Question-Answer":[115],"Replacement":[116],"Removal":[118],"(QARR)":[119],"technique":[120],"augments":[121],"dataset":[123,162],"by":[124],"integrating":[125],"answer":[127],"selectively":[132],"removing":[133],"words.":[134],"Various":[135],"templates":[136,178],"introduced.":[141],"Models":[142],"like":[143],"BART,":[144],"T5,":[145],"LED":[147],"then":[149],"used":[150],"evaluate":[152],"framework\u2019s":[154,225],"performance,":[155],"undergoing":[156],"further":[157],"on":[159,179,187,218,233],"augmented":[161],"their":[164],"respective":[165],"architectures":[166],"optimization":[168],"objectives.":[169],"study":[171],"also":[172],"investigates":[173],"impact":[175],"different":[177],"model":[180],"performance":[181,232],"QA":[184],"tasks.":[185],"Evaluated":[186],"three":[188],"datasets":[189,235],"scenarios,":[192],"QARR-T5":[194],"method":[195],"outperforms":[196],"state-of-the-art":[197],"FSQA":[198],"techniques,":[199],"achieving":[200],"highest":[202],"F1":[203],"scores":[204],"81.7%":[206],"16-shot":[208],"32-shot,":[210],"82.7%":[211],"64-shot,":[213],"84.5%":[215],"128-shot":[217],"SQuAD":[220],"dataset.":[221],"demonstrates":[223],"effectiveness":[226],"improving":[228],"models\u2019":[229],"generalization":[230],"new":[234],"samples,":[238],"advancing":[239],"QA.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}