{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403422123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480889","title":"Enhancing Machine Learning Approach Based on Nilsimsa Fingerprinting for Ransomware Detection in IoMT","display_name":"Enhancing Machine Learning Approach Based on Nilsimsa Fingerprinting for Ransomware Detection in IoMT","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403422123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480889"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3480889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480889","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092577039","display_name":"Mireya Lucia Hernandez-Jaimes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2162-4536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39824353","display_name":"National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/00bpmmc63","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mireya Lucia Hernandez-Jaimes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00F3;nica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico","Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00D3;nica (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erro No. 1 Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2162-4536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00F3;nica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00D3;nica (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erro No. 1 Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008165396","display_name":"Alfonso Mart\u00ednez-Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1968-0785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39824353","display_name":"National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/00bpmmc63","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Mart\u00ednez-Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00F3;nica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico","Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00D3;nica (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erro No. 1 Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1968-0785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00F3;nica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00D3;nica (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erro No. 1 Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088651750","display_name":"Kelsey Alejandra Ram\u00edrez-Guti\u00e9rrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-5926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39824353","display_name":"National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/00bpmmc63","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelsey Alejandra Ram\u00edrez-Guti\u00e9rrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00F3;nica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico","Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00D3;nica (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erro No. 1 Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-5926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00F3;nica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrof&#x00ED;sica, &#x00D3;ptica y Electr&#x00D3;nica (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erro No. 1 Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049524380","display_name":"Elizabeth Guevara\u2010Guti\u00e9rrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2911-1957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113355","display_name":"Universidad An\u00e1huac","ror":"https://ror.org/02z9t1k38","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113355"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Guevara-Mart\u00ednez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, Universidad An&#x00E1;huac M&#x00E9;xico, Huixquilucan de Degollado, Mexico","Engineering Department, Universidad An&#x00E1;huac M&#x00E9;xico, Avenida Universidad An&#x00E1;huac 46, Col. Lomas An&#x00E1;huac, Huixquilucan, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2911-1957","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, Universidad An&#x00E1;huac M&#x00E9;xico, Huixquilucan de Degollado, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, Universidad An&#x00E1;huac M&#x00E9;xico, Avenida Universidad An&#x00E1;huac 46, Col. Lomas An&#x00E1;huac, Huixquilucan, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113355"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092577039"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39824353"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.1832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96400701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"153886","last_page":"153897"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ransomware","display_name":"Ransomware","score":0.9679104089736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7693731188774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4428063929080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3640844225883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33887213468551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.3334071934223175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777667771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926331","display_name":"Ransomware","level":3,"score":0.9679104089736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7693731188774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4428063929080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3640844225883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33887213468551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.3334071934223175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3480889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88230e222f6745e885868d6744cc8835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88230e222f6745e885868d6744cc8835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 153886-153897 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3480889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2619560268","https://openalex.org/W2918753059","https://openalex.org/W2996789024","https://openalex.org/W3023947707","https://openalex.org/W3033120446","https://openalex.org/W3034402928","https://openalex.org/W3125962961","https://openalex.org/W3159885303","https://openalex.org/W3172424875","https://openalex.org/W3176234924","https://openalex.org/W3190067653","https://openalex.org/W3192892322","https://openalex.org/W3205446974","https://openalex.org/W4205584976","https://openalex.org/W4210702679","https://openalex.org/W4285221277","https://openalex.org/W4307868829","https://openalex.org/W4385462766","https://openalex.org/W4387007809","https://openalex.org/W4387917942","https://openalex.org/W4390146777","https://openalex.org/W4390540338","https://openalex.org/W4391221094","https://openalex.org/W4392958735","https://openalex.org/W4394937366","https://openalex.org/W4402035331","https://openalex.org/W6774558099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4224941017","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,83,123],"heterogeneous":[1],"data":[2],"generated":[3],"within":[4],"IoMT":[5,92],"environments":[6],"have":[7],"presented":[8],"significant":[9],"challenges":[10],"in":[11,55,112],"ML-based":[12,26,104],"attack":[13,27,105],"detection":[14,28,106],"approaches,":[15],"where":[16],"the":[17,44,132,143],"lack":[18],"of":[19,85,114],"standardized":[20],"features":[21,47,111],"creates":[22],"a":[23,60],"barrier.":[24],"Current":[25],"methods":[29,107],"rely":[30],"on":[31,68,131,142],"feature":[32],"extraction":[33],"techniques,":[34],"often":[35],"requiring":[36],"specialized":[37],"security":[38],"expertise":[39],"to":[40,74],"analyze":[41],"and":[42,71,78,95,117,138,151],"identify":[43],"most":[45],"relevant":[46],"for":[48,63],"modeling":[49],"ML":[50],"algorithms,":[51],"hindering":[52],"widespread":[53],"adoption":[54],"IoMT.":[56],"This":[57],"study":[58],"presents":[59],"new":[61],"approach":[62,98,147],"detecting":[64],"ransomware-spreading":[65],"behavior":[66],"based":[67],"Nilsimsa":[69,129],"fingerprinting":[70],"Machine":[72],"Learning":[73],"represent":[75],"network":[76,81,109],"traffic":[77,110],"detect":[79],"infected":[80],"flows.":[82],"performance":[84,101],"our":[86,146],"proposal":[87],"was":[88],"evaluated":[89],"using":[90,108],"two":[91],"datasets,":[93],"ICE":[94,133],"CICIoMT2024.":[96],"Our":[97],"demonstrated":[99],"better":[100],"than":[102],"current":[103],"terms":[113],"precision,":[115],"F1-score,":[116],"training":[118],"efficiency":[119],"across":[120],"both":[121],"datasets.":[122],"Random":[124],"Forest":[125],"algorithm":[126],"modeled":[127],"with":[128],"fingerprints":[130],"dataset":[134],"achieved":[135],"100%":[136],"precision":[137,150],"98.72%":[139],"F1-score.":[140,153],"Similarly,":[141],"CICIoMT2024":[144],"dataset,":[145],"exhibited":[148],"99.44%":[149],"98.59%":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
