{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403391209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480788","title":"Navigating the Depths: A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Learning for Passive Underwater Acoustic Target Recognition","display_name":"Navigating the Depths: A Comprehensive Survey of Deep Learning for Passive Underwater Acoustic Target Recognition","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403391209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3480788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480788","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113299490","display_name":"Nils M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6627-7019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095739","display_name":"Atlas Elektronik (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00akjja53","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095739","https://openalex.org/I71830129"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nils M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH, Bremen, Germany","ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH, Sebaldsbrücker Heerstr. 235, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6627-7019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH, Sebaldsbrücker Heerstr. 235, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040949320","display_name":"Jens Reermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0467-0947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095739","display_name":"Atlas Elektronik (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00akjja53","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095739","https://openalex.org/I71830129"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Reermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH, Bremen, Germany","Institute for Technologies and Management of Digital Transformation, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0467-0947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Technologies and Management of Digital Transformation, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032638290","display_name":"Tobias Meisen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-559X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095739","display_name":"Atlas Elektronik (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00akjja53","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095739","https://openalex.org/I71830129"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Meisen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Technologies and Management of Digital Transformation, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany","ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH, Sebaldsbrücker Heerstr. 235, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-559X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Technologies and Management of Digital Transformation, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH, Sebaldsbrücker Heerstr. 235, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113299490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095739"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.1544,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96226033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"154092","last_page":"154118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.7455791234970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5187968611717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.4793451726436615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustics","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","score":0.4456068277359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.36033010482788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3568495512008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34562966227531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.27360475063323975}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7455791234970093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5187968611717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.4793451726436615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.4456068277359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.36033010482788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3568495512008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34562966227531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.27360475063323975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3480788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7e9f5c52638f4a3fa8da3fe5bb3f4935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7e9f5c52638f4a3fa8da3fe5bb3f4935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 154092-154118 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3480788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3480788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181246441","https://openalex.org/W1974387177","https://openalex.org/W1978274651","https://openalex.org/W1991830455","https://openalex.org/W1996021349","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2012599869","https://openalex.org/W2027250963","https://openalex.org/W2042274006","https://openalex.org/W2054012983","https://openalex.org/W2054585582","https://openalex.org/W2071331659","https://openalex.org/W2076608692","https://openalex.org/W2094634188","https://openalex.org/W2103869314","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2126473554","https://openalex.org/W2140010911","https://openalex.org/W2143897112","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2466903746","https://openalex.org/W2494265393","https://openalex.org/W2541190350","https://openalex.org/W2555107250","https://openalex.org/W2593116425","https://openalex.org/W2758179406","https://openalex.org/W2792439829","https://openalex.org/W2794835536","https://openalex.org/W2903926094","https://openalex.org/W2931742093","https://openalex.org/W2938440247","https://openalex.org/W2944315498","https://openalex.org/W2948851758","https://openalex.org/W2979908286","https://openalex.org/W3043794876","https://openalex.org/W3087073077","https://openalex.org/W3091889015","https://openalex.org/W3093961233","https://openalex.org/W3094629534","https://openalex.org/W3095922955","https://openalex.org/W3097777922","https://openalex.org/W3109637960","https://openalex.org/W3126352256","https://openalex.org/W3132949086","https://openalex.org/W3158291757","https://openalex.org/W3172124183","https://openalex.org/W3176726540","https://openalex.org/W3197875779","https://openalex.org/W3199557274","https://openalex.org/W3206996142","https://openalex.org/W3213256753","https://openalex.org/W4205801124","https://openalex.org/W4210273080","https://openalex.org/W4210700178","https://openalex.org/W4213143559","https://openalex.org/W4220669915","https://openalex.org/W4225139539","https://openalex.org/W4228997398","https://openalex.org/W4281906941","https://openalex.org/W4284964772","https://openalex.org/W4285820902","https://openalex.org/W4287219587","https://openalex.org/W4288058288","https://openalex.org/W4292962639","https://openalex.org/W4292970430","https://openalex.org/W4295037267","https://openalex.org/W4299945311","https://openalex.org/W4303712167","https://openalex.org/W4307122360","https://openalex.org/W4307216815","https://openalex.org/W4308822662","https://openalex.org/W4309214342","https://openalex.org/W4309627742","https://openalex.org/W4312443329","https://openalex.org/W4313471718","https://openalex.org/W4313855655","https://openalex.org/W4317906768","https://openalex.org/W4319970148","https://openalex.org/W4321107634","https://openalex.org/W4323046136","https://openalex.org/W4323794421","https://openalex.org/W4362557901","https://openalex.org/W4376504448","https://openalex.org/W4384518525","https://openalex.org/W4385990227","https://openalex.org/W4386632559","https://openalex.org/W4387672464","https://openalex.org/W4388204522","https://openalex.org/W4388973434","https://openalex.org/W4390052887","https://openalex.org/W4390510266","https://openalex.org/W4390684568","https://openalex.org/W4391216148","https://openalex.org/W4391432318","https://openalex.org/W4391642537","https://openalex.org/W4391838496","https://openalex.org/W4392432753","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6769971416","https://openalex.org/W6774314701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989468614","https://openalex.org/W4362661796","https://openalex.org/W2556643280","https://openalex.org/W2344578948","https://openalex.org/W2325565661","https://openalex.org/W46613192","https://openalex.org/W232178625","https://openalex.org/W2363597014","https://openalex.org/W4366376692","https://openalex.org/W1510681752"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,74],"field":[1,27,150],"of":[2,28,42,60,71,88,107,113],"deep":[3,43,51,72],"learning":[4,44],"is":[5,76],"a":[6,26,57,160,168],"rapidly":[7],"developing":[8],"research":[9],"area":[10,70],"with":[11,49,167],"numerous":[12],"applications":[13],"across":[14],"multiple":[15],"domains.":[16],"Sonar":[17],"(SOund":[18],"Navigation":[19],"And":[20],"Ranging)":[21],"processing":[22],"has":[23,45],"traditionally":[24],"been":[25],"statistical":[29],"analysis.":[30],"However,":[31],"in":[32,92,122],"the":[33,39,61,69,84,89,95,105,111,149],"past":[34],"ten":[35],"to":[36,77,94,125,148,158],"fifteen":[37],"years,":[38],"rapid":[40],"growth":[41],"challenged":[46],"classical":[47,172],"approaches":[48],"modern":[50],"learning-based":[52],"methods.":[53,100],"This":[54,143],"survey":[55,103],"provides":[56],"systematic":[58],"overview":[59],"Underwater":[62],"Acoustic":[63],"Target":[64],"Recognition":[65],"(UATR)":[66],"domain":[67],"within":[68,171],"learning.":[73],"objective":[75],"highlight":[78],"popular":[79,131],"design":[80],"choices":[81],"and":[82,86,98,116,133,138],"evaluate":[83],"commonalities":[85],"differences":[87],"investigated":[90],"techniques":[91],"relation":[93],"selected":[96],"architectures":[97],"pre-processing":[99],"Furthermore,":[101],"this":[102,177],"examines":[104],"state":[106],"UATR":[108,127],"literature":[109],"through":[110],"identification":[112],"prominent":[114],"conferences":[115],"journals":[117],"which":[118],"points":[119],"new":[120,147],"researchers":[121,146,155],"directions":[123],"where":[124],"allocate":[126],"related":[128],"publications.":[129],"Additionally,":[130],"datasets":[132],"available":[134],"benchmarks":[135],"are":[136],"identified":[137],"analysed":[139],"for":[140],"complexity":[141],"coverage.":[142],"work":[144],"targets":[145],"as":[151,153],"well":[152],"experienced":[154,164],"that":[156],"want":[157],"get":[159],"broader":[161],"overview.":[162],"Nonetheless,":[163],"sonar":[165],"engineers":[166],"strong":[169],"background":[170],"analysis":[173],"also":[174],"benefit":[175],"from":[176],"survey.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-29T09:21:14.243279","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}