{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403331227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3478733","title":"Empirical Evaluation of NB-IoT and CAT-M Coverage for Underground Water System","display_name":"Empirical Evaluation of NB-IoT and CAT-M Coverage for Underground Water System","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403331227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3478733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3478733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3478733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3478733","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030453411","display_name":"Priit Roosipuu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-2099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priit Roosipuu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-2099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081816733","display_name":"Ivar Annus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-3144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivar Annus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-3144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009201411","display_name":"Alar Kuusik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-9539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alar Kuusik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-9539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064596797","display_name":"Nils K\u00e4ndler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6968-7005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils K\u00e4ndler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6968-7005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081742873","display_name":"Ivo M\u00fc\u00fcrsepp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-133X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivo M\u00fc\u00fcrsepp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-133X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057700615","display_name":"Muhammad Mahtab Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1055-7959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Mahtab Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1055-7959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1565685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"187290","last_page":"187301"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.7228999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.7228999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.7206000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.6905999779701233,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6126784086227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6033862829208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34832945466041565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6126784086227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6033862829208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34832945466041565}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3478733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3478733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:93405f828a9d4d879c5736f02cb1381b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/93405f828a9d4d879c5736f02cb1381b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 187290-187301 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3478733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3478733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7038225481","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRG667","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8060931838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRG667","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334989","funder_display_name":"Estonian Research Competency Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334989","display_name":"Estonian Research Competency Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjeja18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2602716155","https://openalex.org/W2613040410","https://openalex.org/W2741815561","https://openalex.org/W2808139996","https://openalex.org/W2904341763","https://openalex.org/W2949071136","https://openalex.org/W2963012143","https://openalex.org/W2986119534","https://openalex.org/W3011225837","https://openalex.org/W3046201860","https://openalex.org/W3089277900","https://openalex.org/W3094822976","https://openalex.org/W3119876969","https://openalex.org/W3120313049","https://openalex.org/W3125029574","https://openalex.org/W3161388169","https://openalex.org/W3185474903","https://openalex.org/W3193622774","https://openalex.org/W3205408707","https://openalex.org/W4200447331","https://openalex.org/W4285005276","https://openalex.org/W4366687194","https://openalex.org/W4384298562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4200598720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Narrow-band":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,10],"Things":[3],"(NB-IoT)":[4],"and":[5,20,36,83,96,118,130,158],"LTE":[6,37,119,145],"CAT-M":[7,38,120],"are":[8,46],"part":[9],"low-power":[11],"wide-area":[12],"network":[13,22,64],"(LPWAN)":[14],"access":[15,23],"technologies":[16],"that":[17,108],"provide":[18],"long-range":[19],"energy-efficient":[21],"to":[24,48,61,135,138],"IoT":[25],"devices.":[26],"In":[27,147],"this":[28,148],"study,":[29],"we":[30,74,79,150],"conducted":[31],"empirical":[32],"measurements":[33,98],"on":[34,86],"NB-IoT":[35,117,132],"networks":[39,112],"inside":[40,102],"a":[41],"street":[42],"manhole.":[43,104],"Street":[44],"manholes":[45],"integral":[47],"smart":[49],"city":[50],"structures,":[51],"where":[52],"sensor":[53,111],"implementation":[54],"is":[55],"essential.":[56],"Our":[57,105],"study":[58],"demonstrates":[59],"how":[60],"derive":[62],"the":[63,81,103,127],"parameters":[65,82],"from":[66],"system":[67],"information":[68],"(SI)":[69],"messages.":[70],"More":[71],"precisely,":[72],"as":[73],"measured":[75],"three":[76],"commercial":[77],"operators,":[78],"show":[80],"their":[84],"influence":[85],"enhanced":[87],"coverage":[88,124,142],"level":[89],"(ECL)":[90],"repetitions.":[91],"We":[92],"consider":[93],"signal":[94,161],"strength":[95],"quality":[97],"at":[99],"different":[100,123],"locations":[101],"results":[106],"indicate":[107],"when":[109,156],"designing":[110],"for":[113],"urban":[114],"infrastructure":[115],"monitoring,":[116],"should":[121],"have":[122],"margins":[125,143],"in":[126],"implementation.":[128],"Robust":[129],"low-cost":[131],"construction":[133],"leads":[134],"considering":[136],"up":[137],"2.4":[139],"dB":[140],"higher":[141],"than":[144],"CAT-M.":[146],"work,":[149],"analyze":[151],"various":[152],"relevant":[153],"environmental":[154],"conditions":[155],"evaluating":[157],"understanding":[159],"underground":[160],"propagation.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}