{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403277287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3477258","title":"An Integrated Stablecoin and Subsidised Node Design for Payment Channel Networks","display_name":"An Integrated Stablecoin and Subsidised Node Design for Payment Channel Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403277287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3477258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3477258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3477258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3477258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017775105","display_name":"Anupa De Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2711-4211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anupa de Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Data Science Institute, University of Galway, University Rd, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2711-4211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Galway, University Rd, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032506826","display_name":"Subhasis Thakur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6579-724X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhasis Thakur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Data Science Institute, University of Galway, University Rd, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Galway, University Rd, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090996360","display_name":"John G. Breslin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5790-050X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John G. Breslin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Data Science Institute, University of Galway, University Rd, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5790-050X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Galway, University Rd, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68674816,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"156505","last_page":"156524"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9466999769210815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6083064079284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5442076921463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5310820937156677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.526769757270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.4931871294975281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3999848961830139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14768382906913757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1405334770679474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6083064079284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5442076921463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5310820937156677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.526769757270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.4931871294975281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3999848961830139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14768382906913757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1405334770679474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3477258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3477258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35031d9772814b11a6fb5a40934316e9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35031d9772814b11a6fb5a40934316e9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 156505-156524 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3477258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3477258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3695527833","display_name":"INSIGHT_Phase 2","funder_award_id":"12/RC/2289_P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G924140292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16/RC/3835","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320831","funder_display_name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320831","display_name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/008gjgb19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2785114503","https://openalex.org/W2889389858","https://openalex.org/W2947736742","https://openalex.org/W2965436736","https://openalex.org/W2998762116","https://openalex.org/W3005941557","https://openalex.org/W3045348795","https://openalex.org/W3059487196","https://openalex.org/W3115931355","https://openalex.org/W3119230417","https://openalex.org/W3168528884","https://openalex.org/W3187485442","https://openalex.org/W3202990235","https://openalex.org/W3207049490","https://openalex.org/W3209915444","https://openalex.org/W4226090492","https://openalex.org/W4240528689","https://openalex.org/W4296443046","https://openalex.org/W4297433024","https://openalex.org/W4308192654","https://openalex.org/W4312252820","https://openalex.org/W4313524974","https://openalex.org/W4392405801","https://openalex.org/W4403073924","https://openalex.org/W6779868942","https://openalex.org/W6798203266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111375262","https://openalex.org/W1991205173","https://openalex.org/W2109048960","https://openalex.org/W2741481635","https://openalex.org/W2338537463","https://openalex.org/W2183644707","https://openalex.org/W1595657826","https://openalex.org/W1985526270","https://openalex.org/W2126947002","https://openalex.org/W4245618714"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,58],"financial":[1],"landscape":[2],"has":[3,48,207],"undergone":[4],"a":[5,113,122,132,141,194,230],"profound":[6],"shift":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,21,32,92,120,148,155,184,218,246,256],"the":[10,40,43,80,98,104,157,180,220,226,248],"decentralisation":[11],"and":[12,56,62,135,143,153,173,202,213,223,266],"digitisation":[13],"brought":[14],"about":[15],"by":[16,51],"cryptocurrencies.":[17,109],"As":[18],"people":[19],"begin":[20],"reevaluate":[22],"traditional":[23],"notions":[24],"of":[25,46,60,83,101,107,146,160,179,229,238],"monetary":[26,123],"ownership,":[27],"cryptocurrencies":[28,47,271],"will":[29,261],"be":[30],"poised":[31],"play":[33],"an":[34,164,200],"even":[35,241],"more":[36,272],"critical":[37],"role":[38],"in":[39],"future.":[41],"However,":[42],"widespread":[44,95,275],"adoption":[45],"been":[49,208],"hampered":[50],"several":[52],"challenges,":[53],"including":[54],"volatility":[55],"scalability.":[57],"concepts":[59],"Stablecoin":[61],"Payment":[63],"Channel":[64],"Network":[65],"(PCN)":[66],"are":[67],"promising":[68],"proposals":[69],"for":[70,94,138,168,274],"these":[71],"problems,":[72],"providing":[73],"effective":[74],"individual":[75],"solutions.":[76],"While":[77],"PCN":[78,139,151],"addresses":[79],"scalability":[81,174],"issue":[82],"cryptocurrencies,":[84],"its":[85,216,236,254],"transaction":[86,263],"reliability":[87],"is":[88,188],"not":[89],"always":[90],"up":[91],"par":[93],"use.":[96],"Similarly,":[97],"increasing":[99],"centralisation":[100],"Stablecoins":[102],"contradicts":[103],"fundamental":[105],"principle":[106],"introducing":[108],"This":[110],"paper":[111],"introduces":[112,163],"decentralised":[114,203],"model":[115],"that":[116],"integrates":[117],"both":[118,171],"approaches":[119],"establish":[121,185],"system":[124,206],"while":[125],"mitigating":[126],"their":[127],"inherent":[128],"drawbacks.":[129],"It":[130,162],"encompasses":[131],"subsidised":[133],"node":[134],"stablecoin":[136,167],"designs":[137],"with":[140,242],"dedicated":[142],"incentivised":[144],"layer":[145],"entities":[147],"facilitate":[149],"reliable":[150],"transactions":[152],"contribute":[154],"stabilising":[156],"underlying":[158,267],"currency":[159],"PCN.":[161],"integrated":[165,245],"network-backed":[166],"PCN,":[169],"achieving":[170],"stability":[172],"concurrently.":[175],"Also,":[176],"approximately":[177],"half":[178],"initial":[181],"funding":[182],"required":[183],"payment":[186],"channels":[187],"derived":[189],"from":[190],"external":[191],"sources,":[192],"ensuring":[193],"guaranteed":[195],"return":[196],"on":[197],"investment":[198],"within":[199],"under-collateralised":[201],"environment.":[204],"Our":[205,259],"substantiated":[209],"through":[210],"game":[211],"theory":[212],"simulations,":[214],"demonstrating":[215],"capacity":[217],"stabilise":[219],"coin\u2019s":[221],"value":[222],"effectively":[224],"fulfil":[225],"expected":[227],"functionalities":[228],"currency.":[231],"Empirical":[232],"tests":[233],"have":[234],"confirmed":[235],"retention":[237],"PCN\u2019s":[239],"scalability,":[240],"additional":[243],"steps":[244],"implement":[247],"proposed":[249],"protocol.":[250],"We":[251],"also":[252],"highlight":[253],"resilience":[255],"potential":[257],"attacks.":[258],"solution":[260],"improve":[262],"reliability,":[264],"collateralisation,":[265],"coin":[268],"stability,":[269],"making":[270],"suitable":[273],"adoption.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}