{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403277286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3476982","title":"Enhancing Student Learning in Virtual Classrooms: Effects of Window View Content and Time of Day","display_name":"Enhancing Student Learning in Virtual Classrooms: Effects of Window View Content and Time of Day","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403277286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3476982"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3476982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3476982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3476982","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108998727","display_name":"Dajeong Jang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93906172","display_name":"Anyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/018pdh902","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93906172"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dajeong Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Interior Architecture Design, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Department of Interior Architecture Design, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interior Architecture Design, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257","https://openalex.org/I93906172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interior Architecture Design, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93906172","https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051055708","display_name":"Hanjong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5747-2242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322422313","display_name":"Tech University of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/0060vt104","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322422313"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han-Jong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Design Engineering, Tech University of Korea, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","Department of Design Engineering, Tech University of Korea, 237 Sangidaehak-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Design Engineering, Tech University of Korea, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322422313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Design Engineering, Tech University of Korea, 237 Sangidaehak-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048882724","display_name":"Kyungah Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-8268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93906172","display_name":"Anyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/018pdh902","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93906172"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyungah Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Interior Architecture Design, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Department of Interior Architecture Design, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interior Architecture Design, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257","https://openalex.org/I93906172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interior Architecture Design, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93906172","https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108998727"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257","https://openalex.org/I93906172"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.1177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93100835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"152630","last_page":"152638"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13565","display_name":"Education and Learning Interventions","score":0.9549999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13565","display_name":"Education and Learning Interventions","score":0.9549999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7464419603347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/window","display_name":"Window (computing)","score":0.6653247475624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.5970947742462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37298035621643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2373124361038208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7464419603347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6653247475624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.5970947742462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37298035621643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2373124361038208}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3476982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3476982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eb2478846e794226837ff4169414376c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eb2478846e794226837ff4169414376c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 152630-152638 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3476982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3476982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1960444368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00252597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3680197958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HY-202200000001564","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321142","funder_display_name":"Hanyang University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321142","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104998059","https://openalex.org/W233418418","https://openalex.org/W1519406596","https://openalex.org/W1970803296","https://openalex.org/W1970851816","https://openalex.org/W1971255755","https://openalex.org/W1972183050","https://openalex.org/W1976492538","https://openalex.org/W1981536612","https://openalex.org/W1990880369","https://openalex.org/W1994658254","https://openalex.org/W2010912738","https://openalex.org/W2027532785","https://openalex.org/W2027590818","https://openalex.org/W2045493030","https://openalex.org/W2050214929","https://openalex.org/W2060739919","https://openalex.org/W2062233444","https://openalex.org/W2068613536","https://openalex.org/W2076127506","https://openalex.org/W2077424253","https://openalex.org/W2078345433","https://openalex.org/W2080207347","https://openalex.org/W2090341912","https://openalex.org/W2096417948","https://openalex.org/W2104264329","https://openalex.org/W2115046352","https://openalex.org/W2115052834","https://openalex.org/W2120357670","https://openalex.org/W2123281028","https://openalex.org/W2123884972","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2145839404","https://openalex.org/W2146290489","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2153525231","https://openalex.org/W2252264846","https://openalex.org/W2401195100","https://openalex.org/W2767550639","https://openalex.org/W2897771984","https://openalex.org/W2914802045","https://openalex.org/W2964316448","https://openalex.org/W2970794602","https://openalex.org/W2972899139","https://openalex.org/W2995065029","https://openalex.org/W3010483584","https://openalex.org/W3010655033","https://openalex.org/W3015922794","https://openalex.org/W3024888274","https://openalex.org/W3036551642","https://openalex.org/W3048463099","https://openalex.org/W3083187143","https://openalex.org/W3084427344","https://openalex.org/W3091139802","https://openalex.org/W3132034796","https://openalex.org/W3135231331","https://openalex.org/W3154412167","https://openalex.org/W3216864272","https://openalex.org/W4213061612","https://openalex.org/W4214561321","https://openalex.org/W4220695820","https://openalex.org/W4256564311","https://openalex.org/W4292541276","https://openalex.org/W4312037169","https://openalex.org/W4313908066","https://openalex.org/W4321460280","https://openalex.org/W4382795725","https://openalex.org/W4383896770","https://openalex.org/W4385652362","https://openalex.org/W4388036217","https://openalex.org/W6606896017","https://openalex.org/W6608168615","https://openalex.org/W6674355306","https://openalex.org/W6686403026"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2109115373","https://openalex.org/W2390901981","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"virtual":[1,11,31,45,175,189],"classrooms,":[2],"traditional":[3],"physical":[4],"classroom":[5,46],"environments":[6,102,177],"are":[7],"transformed":[8],"into":[9],"flexible":[10,198],"environments,":[12,190],"allowing":[13,184],"customization":[14],"of":[15,27,36,63,108,114,137,173],"environmental":[16],"elements":[17],"to":[18,178,186],"enhance":[19],"student":[20],"learning.":[21],"This":[22],"study":[23,81],"explored":[24],"the":[25,80,106,135,152,165,171],"effects":[26],"window":[28,51],"settings":[29,52,127],"in":[30,79,160],"classrooms":[32],"on":[33],"learning":[34,176,206],"experiences":[35],"students.":[37],"Utilizing":[38],"a":[39,44,72,112],"within-subjects":[40],"design,":[41],"we":[42],"simulated":[43,71],"environment":[47],"with":[48,103,131],"seven":[49],"unique":[50],"and":[53,61,67,82,86,110,146,192,199],"varied":[54],"its":[55],"view":[56],"content":[57],"(nature":[58],"vs.":[59],"urban)":[60],"time":[62],"day":[64],"(daytime,":[65],"sunset,":[66],"night).":[68],"We":[69],"also":[70],"windowless":[73],"condition.":[74],"Thirty-five":[75],"university":[76],"students":[77,185],"participated":[78],"performed":[83],"subjective":[84],"evaluations":[85],"cognitive":[87,161],"tasks.":[88],"Moreover,":[89],"their":[90,188],"physiological":[91],"responses":[92],"were":[93,151,158],"recorded":[94],"using":[95],"electroencephalogram":[96],"measurements.":[97],"The":[98],"results":[99],"indicated":[100],"that":[101],"windows":[104,129],"increased":[105,120,134],"perception":[107],"spaciousness":[109],"promoted":[111],"state":[113],"relaxed":[115],"alertness,":[116],"as":[117],"evidenced":[118],"by":[119],"fast":[121],"alpha":[122],"brainwave":[123],"activity.":[124],"In":[125],"contrast,":[126],"without":[128],"or":[130],"urban":[132],"views":[133,140,150],"sense":[136],"presence.":[138],"Daytime":[139],"positively":[141],"affected":[142],"valence,":[143],"motivation,":[144],"spaciousness,":[145],"concentration,":[147],"whereas":[148],"nighttime":[149],"least":[153],"preferred.":[154],"No":[155],"significant":[156],"differences":[157],"observed":[159],"task":[162],"performance":[163],"across":[164],"different":[166],"conditions.":[167],"These":[168],"findings":[169],"underscore":[170],"necessity":[172],"customizing":[174],"meet":[179],"individual":[180],"user":[181],"needs.":[182],"By":[183],"adjust":[187],"educators":[191],"space":[193],"designers":[194],"can":[195],"create":[196],"more":[197],"personalized":[200],"virtual-reality":[201],"educational":[202],"spaces,":[203],"ultimately":[204],"improving":[205],"outcomes.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}