{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403183073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3475471","title":"Time Series Classification With Large Language Models via Linguistic Scaffolding","display_name":"Time Series Classification With Large Language Models via Linguistic Scaffolding","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403183073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3475471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3475471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3475471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3475471","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108997243","display_name":"Hyeongwon Jang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158432","display_name":"National Institute for Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04n7py080","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158432"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyeongwon Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9934-714X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158432","https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039524786","display_name":"June Yong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8799-889X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"June Yong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, KAIST 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8799-889X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, KAIST 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042501755","display_name":"Jaeryong Hwang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802978839","display_name":"Korea Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/0491qwe57","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802978839"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeryong Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Science, Republic of Korea Naval Academy, Jinhae-gu, Changwon-si, Republic of Korea","Department of Cyber Science, Republic of Korea Naval Academy, 1 Jungwon-ro, Jinhae-gu, Changwon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Science, Republic of Korea Naval Academy, Jinhae-gu, Changwon-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802978839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Science, Republic of Korea Naval Academy, 1 Jungwon-ro, Jinhae-gu, Changwon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802978839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086698569","display_name":"Eunho Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-0169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunho Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, KAIST 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim Jaechul Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, KAIST 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108997243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I4210158432"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.6197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84626002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"170387","last_page":"170398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.917900025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7273644804954529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.5763389468193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4507102072238922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.42900368571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.428928017616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10982120037078857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7273644804954529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5763389468193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4507102072238922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.42900368571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.428928017616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10982120037078857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3475471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3475471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6917f00b36ab44d0b0775ec9fa2693a6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6917f00b36ab44d0b0775ec9fa2693a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 170387-170398 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3475471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3475471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4468082379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2019-II190075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026297770","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2604847698","https://openalex.org/W2964010366","https://openalex.org/W2982438846","https://openalex.org/W2995282027","https://openalex.org/W3080253043","https://openalex.org/W3173748501","https://openalex.org/W3176196442","https://openalex.org/W4382203079","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4389664922","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6755529311","https://openalex.org/W6759258263","https://openalex.org/W6759891849","https://openalex.org/W6768707575","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6780817209","https://openalex.org/W6797297377","https://openalex.org/W6802566335","https://openalex.org/W6803444062","https://openalex.org/W6809860847","https://openalex.org/W6810637551","https://openalex.org/W6838540236","https://openalex.org/W6839352926","https://openalex.org/W6845625448","https://openalex.org/W6846825190","https://openalex.org/W6847363464","https://openalex.org/W6850493425","https://openalex.org/W6850783765","https://openalex.org/W6852357257","https://openalex.org/W6856157795","https://openalex.org/W6856192372","https://openalex.org/W6856859693","https://openalex.org/W6856926427","https://openalex.org/W6857005926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W4402327032","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time":[0,90],"series":[1,35,59,100,115,124,175,182],"classification":[2,116,176],"requires":[3],"specialized":[4],"models":[5],"that":[6,42,167],"can":[7],"effectively":[8,103],"capture":[9],"temporal":[10,80,161],"structures.":[11],"Consequently,":[12],"Large":[13],"Language":[14,111],"Models":[15],"(LLMs)":[16],"have":[17],"emerged":[18],"as":[19,117,126],"promising":[20],"candidates":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,78,102,131],"their":[24],"proficiency":[25],"in":[26,40,159],"sequence":[27],"modeling":[28],"and":[29,98,157,177],"semantic":[30,66,135],"reasoning.":[31],"However,":[32],"converting":[33],"time":[34,58,99,114,123,174,181],"data":[36],"into":[37],"text":[38],"results":[39],"sequences":[41],"exceed":[43],"the":[44,51,76,88,129,138,160],"maximum":[45],"token":[46],"limit,":[47],"necessitating":[48],"truncation":[49],"or":[50],"removal":[52],"of":[53,146],"word":[54],"embeddings":[55,101,125,149],"for":[56],"fixed-length":[57],"embeddings.":[60],"This":[61],"restriction":[62],"not":[63],"only":[64],"sacrifices":[65],"reasoning":[67],"capabilities":[68],"accessed":[69],"through":[70],"natural":[71],"language":[72],"but":[73],"also":[74,178],"limits":[75],"ability":[77],"handle":[79],"irregularities.":[81],"To":[82],"overcome":[83],"these":[84],"challenges,":[85],"we":[86,165],"propose":[87],"Language-Scaffolded":[89],"Series":[91],"Transformer":[92],"(LSTST),":[93],"which":[94],"combines":[95],"linguistic":[96,140],"components":[97],"harness":[104],"LLMs":[105],"while":[106],"overcoming":[107],"dimensional":[108],"constraints.":[109],"Our":[110],"Scaffold":[112],"reformulates":[113],"a":[118,143],"contextual":[119],"question-answering":[120],"task,":[121],"with":[122,150],"context,":[127],"facilitating":[128],"LLM":[130],"utilize":[132],"its":[133],"inherent":[134],"knowledge.":[136],"Moreover,":[137],"preserved":[139],"structure":[141],"allows":[142],"dynamic":[144],"number":[145],"input":[147],"context":[148],"real-time":[151],"positional":[152],"encoding,":[153],"handling":[154],"length":[155],"restrictions":[156],"irregularity":[158],"dimension.":[162],"Through":[163],"experiments,":[164],"show":[166],"LSTST":[168],"achieves":[169],"state-of-the-art":[170],"performance":[171],"on":[172],"regular":[173],"handles":[179],"irregular":[180],"without":[183],"any":[184],"model":[185],"modifications.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
