{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403094451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3472748","title":"Real-Time Cyber-Physical Power System Testbed for Optimal Power Flow Study Using Co-Simulation Framework","display_name":"Real-Time Cyber-Physical Power System Testbed for Optimal Power Flow Study Using Co-Simulation Framework","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403094451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3472748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3472748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3472748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3472748","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087837133","display_name":"Le Nam Hai Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4578-2811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Le Nam Hai Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Energy System Laboratory, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Energy System Laboratory, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033909017","display_name":"Raju Wagle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109960","display_name":"Aibel (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/015ckc894","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109960"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raju Wagle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Concept and Studies, Aibel AS, Asker, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Concept and Studies, Aibel AS, Asker, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056888034","display_name":"Gioacchino Tricarico","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4286-8812"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gioacchino Tricarico","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnnico di Bari, Bari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnnico di Bari, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020653076","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Felipe Silva Melo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-476X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre Felipe Silva Melo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097528082","display_name":"Veronica A. Rosero-Morillo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39553462","display_name":"National University of San Juan","ror":"https://ror.org/02rsnav77","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39553462"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veronica Rosero-Morillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrical Energy (IEE), National University of San Juan, San Juan, Argentina"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical Energy (IEE), National University of San Juan, San Juan, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39553462"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781441","display_name":"Anup Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127441","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Jammu","ror":"https://ror.org/02f0vsw63","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127441"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anup Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050745579","display_name":"Francisco Gonz\u00e1lez-Longatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7157-9844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Energy System Laboratory, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Energy System Laboratory, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087837133"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.8998,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94108906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"150914","last_page":"150929"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14276","display_name":"Power Systems and Technologies","score":0.9592999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.8884981274604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6915836334228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.6813846230506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5545234680175781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-flow","display_name":"Power flow","score":0.5531774163246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4759366512298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.41767942905426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32593488693237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19821539521217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1922726035118103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.8884981274604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6915836334228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.6813846230506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5545234680175781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986056383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556030","display_name":"Power flow","level":4,"score":0.5531774163246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4759366512298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.41767942905426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32593488693237305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19821539521217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1922726035118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3472748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3472748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3061c19ca094795a69ce5e6c54cab14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3061c19ca094795a69ce5e6c54cab14","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 150914-150929 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27315468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3472748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3472748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004805052","https://openalex.org/W2029130869","https://openalex.org/W2040942959","https://openalex.org/W2066143374","https://openalex.org/W2096281230","https://openalex.org/W2112172165","https://openalex.org/W2119866123","https://openalex.org/W2160308845","https://openalex.org/W2169820422","https://openalex.org/W2182182850","https://openalex.org/W2480938347","https://openalex.org/W2517305838","https://openalex.org/W2616333561","https://openalex.org/W2743146191","https://openalex.org/W2757615817","https://openalex.org/W2787424724","https://openalex.org/W2902028214","https://openalex.org/W2903462747","https://openalex.org/W2906166631","https://openalex.org/W2906343629","https://openalex.org/W2940887500","https://openalex.org/W2963763190","https://openalex.org/W2994973900","https://openalex.org/W3005267639","https://openalex.org/W3017481171","https://openalex.org/W3049666257","https://openalex.org/W3088861363","https://openalex.org/W3093173803","https://openalex.org/W3114853217","https://openalex.org/W3201703819","https://openalex.org/W3209463749","https://openalex.org/W4247759566","https://openalex.org/W4249369678","https://openalex.org/W4281717447","https://openalex.org/W4285731150","https://openalex.org/W4292387980","https://openalex.org/W4292388026","https://openalex.org/W4313639917","https://openalex.org/W4313680552","https://openalex.org/W4315695011","https://openalex.org/W4320916995","https://openalex.org/W4361185904","https://openalex.org/W4361186032","https://openalex.org/W4361269831","https://openalex.org/W4376853949","https://openalex.org/W4376853958","https://openalex.org/W4385516959","https://openalex.org/W4388109890","https://openalex.org/W4391851473"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W3092582874","https://openalex.org/W3089038912","https://openalex.org/W3123953333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today\u2019s":[0],"power":[1,66,100,104,179,194],"system":[2,67,209],"is":[3,129,199],"transforming":[4],"into":[5,36,102,114],"an":[6,137],"increasingly":[7],"complex":[8],"entity,":[9],"consisting":[10],"of":[11,24,34,56,93,125,190,205,214],"numerous":[12],"components,":[13],"such":[14,83],"as":[15,84],"transmission":[16],"lines,":[17],"controllable":[18],"loads,":[19],"and":[20,59,122,142,193,233],"especially":[21],"different":[22,80],"types":[23],"distributed":[25],"renewable":[26],"energy":[27,48],"sources":[28],"(DERs).":[29],"With":[30],"the":[31,37,54,64,91,110,115,119,123,164,211],"growing":[32],"integration":[33,124,213],"DERs":[35],"grid,":[38],"multiple":[39],"operational":[40],"challenges":[41,121],"arise,":[42],"including":[43],"overvoltage,":[44],"undervoltage,":[45],"or":[46,87],"increased":[47],"losses.":[49],"Resolving":[50],"these":[51,73],"issues":[52],"demands":[53],"implementation":[55],"both":[57],"advanced":[58,111],"effective":[60],"control":[61,74,112,182,234],"strategies.":[62],"As":[63],"dynamic":[65],"evolves":[68],"by":[69,201],"incorporating":[70],"new":[71],"technologies,":[72,127],"strategies":[75,113],"need":[76],"to":[77],"consider":[78],"other":[79],"technical":[81],"aspects,":[82],"communication":[85],"protocols":[86],"real-time":[88,165,229],"considerations.":[89],"Additionally,":[90,173],"rise":[92],"smart":[94,147],"metering":[95],"devices":[96],"has":[97],"transformed":[98],"conventional":[99],"systems":[101,105],"cyber-physical":[103],"(CPPS),":[106],"which":[107],"can":[108,224],"integrate":[109],"cyber":[116],"layer.":[117],"Given":[118],"operating":[120,191],"diverse":[126],"it":[128,174],"proposed":[130,177],"that":[131,184,219],"a":[132,155,160,170,176,202,221,236],"CPPS":[133,161,222],"testbed":[134,223],"platform":[135],"constitutes":[136],"ideal":[138],"solution":[139],"for":[140,158,227],"developing":[141],"validating":[143],"technologies":[144],"in":[145,235],"future":[146],"grids.":[148],"For":[149],"this":[150,152],"purpose,":[151],"paper":[153],"introduces":[154],"co-simulation":[156],"framework":[157],"implementing":[159,228],"testbed,":[162],"utilising":[163],"simulator,":[166],"Typhoon":[167],"HIL,":[168],"within":[169],"laboratory":[171],"environment.":[172],"presents":[175],"optimal":[178],"flow":[180],"(OPF)":[181],"strategy":[183],"emphasises":[185],"two":[186],"key":[187],"objectives,":[188],"minimisation":[189],"costs":[192],"network":[195],"loss.":[196],"The":[197,216],"investigation":[198],"illustrated":[200],"modified":[203],"version":[204],"IEEE":[206],"39-bus":[207],"test":[208],"with":[210],"high":[212],"DERs.":[215],"findings":[217],"indicate":[218],"adopting":[220],"be":[225],"advantageous":[226],"research":[230],"on":[231],"monitoring":[232],"wide":[237],"area":[238],"network.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
