{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402915204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3469550","title":"<i>ARD\u00c1N</i>: Automated Reference-Free Defocus Characterization for Automotive Near-Field Cameras","display_name":"<i>ARD\u00c1N</i>: Automated Reference-Free Defocus Characterization for Automotive Near-Field Cameras","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402915204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3469550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3469550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3469550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3469550","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093711470","display_name":"Daniel Jakab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9468-0411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Jakab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9468-0411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001820816","display_name":"Eoin Martino Grua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-4338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eoin Martino Grua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-4338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043014945","display_name":"Reenu Mohandas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0509-0051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reenu Mohandas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091422105","display_name":"Brian Deegan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168346926","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38","country_code":"IE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168346926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Michael Deegan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lero the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3678-7605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lero the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168346926","https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057458454","display_name":"Anthony Scanlan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0601-7749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Scanlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0601-7749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059517839","display_name":"Dara Molloy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-0718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126639","display_name":"Valeo (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/031sgpn76","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I220619192","https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dara Molloy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","Valeo Vision Systems, Dunmore Rd., Tuam, Co, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo Vision Systems, Dunmore Rd., Tuam, Co, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072676135","display_name":"Enda Ward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4325-5117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126639","display_name":"Valeo (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/031sgpn76","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I220619192","https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enda Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Valeo Vision Systems, Galway, Ireland","Valeo Vision Systems, Dunmore Rd., Tuam, Co, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4325-5117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo Vision Systems, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Valeo Vision Systems, Dunmore Rd., Tuam, Co, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126639"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084975687","display_name":"Ciar\u00e1n Eising","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8383-2635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ciar\u00e1n Eising","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8383-2635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16124587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"145637","last_page":"145670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12466","display_name":"Near-Field Optical Microscopy","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11897","display_name":"Digital Holography and Microscopy","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.6321274042129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6273518800735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.6217401027679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5578624606132507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5000407695770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.44183436036109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1581079363822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14808663725852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11801561713218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10045140981674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.05912196636199951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.6321274042129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6273518800735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6217401027679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5578624606132507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5000407695770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44183436036109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1581079363822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14808663725852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11801561713218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10045140981674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.05912196636199951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3469550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3469550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1de639ac2b1b4ea8b3ee12a11a2a7c7c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1de639ac2b1b4ea8b3ee12a11a2a7c7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 145637-145670 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3469550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3469550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2775347418","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Measuring":[0],"optical":[1],"quality":[2,45,126],"in":[3,8,17,27,75,92,107,117,129,184],"camera":[4,47,166],"lenses":[5,48,136],"is":[6,37],"crucial":[7],"evaluating":[9],"cameras,":[10],"especially":[11],"for":[12,32,50,55,64,73,120,170,195],"safety-critical":[13],"visual":[14],"perception":[15],"tasks":[16],"automotive":[18,30,79],"driving.":[19],"While":[20],"ground-truth":[21],"labels":[22],"and":[23,84,113],"annotations":[24],"are":[25],"provided":[26],"publicly":[28,77],"available":[29,78],"datasets":[31,80],"computer":[33],"vision":[34],"tasks,":[35],"there":[36],"a":[38,82],"lack":[39],"of":[40,46,87,99,101,127,191],"information":[41],"on":[42,154],"the":[43,97,102,114,125,133,155,165,178,188],"image":[44,152],"used":[49],"data":[51],"collection.":[52],"To":[53],"compensate":[54],"this,":[56],"we":[57],"propose":[58],"an":[59],"Automated":[60],"Reference-free":[61],"Defocus":[62],"characterization":[63],"Automotive":[65],"Near-field":[66],"cameras":[67],"(ARD\u00c1N)":[68],"to":[69,123],"evaluate":[70,124],"Slanted":[71],"Edges":[72],"ISO12233":[74],"five":[76],"using":[81],"valid":[83],"invalid":[85],"region":[86,194],"interest":[88],"(ROI)":[89],"selection":[90],"system":[91],"natural":[93,130,196],"scenes.":[94,131,197],"We":[95],"use":[96],"mean":[98],"50%":[100],"Modulation":[103],"Transfer":[104],"Function":[105],"(MTF50)":[106],"three":[108],"Camera":[109],"Radii":[110],"(CaRa)":[111],"segments":[112],"Overall":[115],"Spread":[116],"Heatmaps":[118],"(O\u2019SHea)":[119],"an$8\\times":[121],"5$distribution":[122],"edges":[128],"From":[132],"experiments":[134],"performed,":[135],"with":[137],"uniform":[138],"spatial":[139,179],"domains":[140],"(i.e.":[141],"little":[142],"distortion)":[143],"showed":[144],"that":[145],"MTF50":[146,158,174,192],"was":[147],"constant":[148],"between":[149,181],"(0.18-0.25cy/px).":[150],"With":[151],"rectification":[153],"same":[156],"scenes,":[157],"results":[159],"artificially":[160],"increased,":[161],"no":[162],"longer":[163],"representing":[164],"lens.":[167],"In":[168],"contrast,":[169],"strong":[171],"radial":[172],"distortion,":[173],"varied":[175],"extensively":[176],"across":[177],"domain":[180],"(0.12-0.4cy/px),":[182],"where,":[183],"particular,":[185],"Woodscape":[186],"gave":[187],"highest":[189],"average":[190],"per":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2024-09-28T00:00:00"}