{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402822963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3467996","title":"Email Spam: A Comprehensive Review of Optimize Detection Methods, Challenges, and Open Research Problems","display_name":"Email Spam: A Comprehensive Review of Optimize Detection Methods, Challenges, and Open Research Problems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402822963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3467996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3467996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3467996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3467996","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093323820","display_name":"Ekramul Haque Tusher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5583-3767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekramul Haque Tusher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5583-3767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051195629","display_name":"Mohd Arfian Ismail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-2289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Arfian Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-2289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035822841","display_name":"Md. Arafatur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-6168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","display_name":"University of Wolverhampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01k2y1055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Arafatur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-6168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026889929","display_name":"Ali H. Alenezi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8469-880X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali H. Alenezi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Remote Sensing Unit, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia","Remote Sensing Unit, Electrical Engineering Department. Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8469-880X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Remote Sensing Unit, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Unit, Electrical Engineering Department. Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009473482","display_name":"Mueen Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1919-3407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105992","display_name":"Qatar Science and Technology Park","ror":"https://ror.org/01gshyb58","country_code":"QA","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105992"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mueen Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1919-3407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":33.6683,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99746397,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"143627","last_page":"143657"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6962639689445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3404547870159149}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6962639689445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3404547870159149}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3467996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3467996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6aaa904c69eb4bd482b2efaf1361fdf5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6aaa904c69eb4bd482b2efaf1361fdf5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 143627-143657 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29605226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Email_Spam_A_Comprehensive_Review_of_Optimize_Detection_Methods_Challenges_and_Open_Research_Problems/29605226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3467996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3467996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3755121048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NBU-FFR-2024-2159-07","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328654","funder_display_name":"Northern Border University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4826428711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RDU220134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328654","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334468","display_name":"Qatar National Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv93662"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":161,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W269675895","https://openalex.org/W327991062","https://openalex.org/W1533114902","https://openalex.org/W1537809171","https://openalex.org/W1551848773","https://openalex.org/W1565725288","https://openalex.org/W1965272602","https://openalex.org/W1971011125","https://openalex.org/W1972222614","https://openalex.org/W1984770935","https://openalex.org/W1995678176","https://openalex.org/W1996004991","https://openalex.org/W2014802425","https://openalex.org/W2041597619","https://openalex.org/W2052250245","https://openalex.org/W2052561263","https://openalex.org/W2058737869","https://openalex.org/W2066670245","https://openalex.org/W2100619093","https://openalex.org/W2108601311","https://openalex.org/W2118020653","https://openalex.org/W2119411048","https://openalex.org/W2163441906","https://openalex.org/W2166490929","https://openalex.org/W2172118938","https://openalex.org/W2174714397","https://openalex.org/W2176950688","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2394542850","https://openalex.org/W2565439473","https://openalex.org/W2592096356","https://openalex.org/W2596855402","https://openalex.org/W2685702996","https://openalex.org/W2765421612","https://openalex.org/W2780954022","https://openalex.org/W2783033852","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2792940919","https://openalex.org/W2797652130","https://openalex.org/W2800318991","https://openalex.org/W2805563577","https://openalex.org/W2806879796","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2887034067","https://openalex.org/W2888021909","https://openalex.org/W2888278675","https://openalex.org/W2891027816","https://openalex.org/W2900460291","https://openalex.org/W2907212742","https://openalex.org/W2910487174","https://openalex.org/W2911324552","https://openalex.org/W2922329508","https://openalex.org/W2923014022","https://openalex.org/W2929787194","https://openalex.org/W2933127114","https://openalex.org/W2935241266","https://openalex.org/W2942687513","https://openalex.org/W2944062336","https://openalex.org/W2944954104","https://openalex.org/W2945947799","https://openalex.org/W2949836779","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2965084199","https://openalex.org/W2966397528","https://openalex.org/W2971852873","https://openalex.org/W2979947165","https://openalex.org/W2996717315","https://openalex.org/W3000358430","https://openalex.org/W3004407835","https://openalex.org/W3004739263","https://openalex.org/W3005448318","https://openalex.org/W3006834142","https://openalex.org/W3008297566","https://openalex.org/W3008627481","https://openalex.org/W3009822804","https://openalex.org/W3009983180","https://openalex.org/W3011776577","https://openalex.org/W3014458738","https://openalex.org/W3018948480","https://openalex.org/W3022520031","https://openalex.org/W3023999297","https://openalex.org/W3033480759","https://openalex.org/W3035652504","https://openalex.org/W3036363354","https://openalex.org/W3036462561","https://openalex.org/W3037316620","https://openalex.org/W3042553213","https://openalex.org/W3042788417","https://openalex.org/W3049310425","https://openalex.org/W3083141895","https://openalex.org/W3092552943","https://openalex.org/W3093767434","https://openalex.org/W3093781078","https://openalex.org/W3094972238","https://openalex.org/W3106860847","https://openalex.org/W3114971356","https://openalex.org/W3116066219","https://openalex.org/W3120822793","https://openalex.org/W3123908207","https://openalex.org/W3126641643","https://openalex.org/W3127147442","https://openalex.org/W3127767881","https://openalex.org/W3133343914","https://openalex.org/W3161935901","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3170147864","https://openalex.org/W3170851865","https://openalex.org/W3171146512","https://openalex.org/W3185123764","https://openalex.org/W3185353899","https://openalex.org/W3201250517","https://openalex.org/W3206689503","https://openalex.org/W3211307206","https://openalex.org/W3213407977","https://openalex.org/W3214332509","https://openalex.org/W3216439877","https://openalex.org/W4200450738","https://openalex.org/W4205597133","https://openalex.org/W4205947740","https://openalex.org/W4206365207","https://openalex.org/W4206430147","https://openalex.org/W4206968281","https://openalex.org/W4210312870","https://openalex.org/W4213145421","https://openalex.org/W4214873093","https://openalex.org/W4214911683","https://openalex.org/W4220802396","https://openalex.org/W4220855278","https://openalex.org/W4223918474","https://openalex.org/W4224033583","https://openalex.org/W4225551989","https://openalex.org/W4280649903","https://openalex.org/W4281655898","https://openalex.org/W4283704655","https://openalex.org/W4285091457","https://openalex.org/W4285407083","https://openalex.org/W4292253853","https://openalex.org/W4293176456","https://openalex.org/W4293194057","https://openalex.org/W4307900484","https://openalex.org/W4312245606","https://openalex.org/W4313451548","https://openalex.org/W4315750500","https://openalex.org/W4315781748","https://openalex.org/W4321366477","https://openalex.org/W4353040700","https://openalex.org/W4360585198","https://openalex.org/W4360994421","https://openalex.org/W4364381049","https://openalex.org/W4366377533","https://openalex.org/W4366687537","https://openalex.org/W4377969553","https://openalex.org/W4379116570","https://openalex.org/W4383065673","https://openalex.org/W4383334346","https://openalex.org/W4384343495","https://openalex.org/W4388379719","https://openalex.org/W6603398858","https://openalex.org/W6636944375","https://openalex.org/W6716942405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"emails":[1,14,29,51],"are":[2],"used":[3],"across":[4,181],"almost":[5],"every":[6],"field,":[7],"spanning":[8],"from":[9],"business":[10],"to":[11,87,121,153,196],"education.":[12],"Broadly,":[13],"can":[15,33],"be":[16],"categorized":[17],"as":[18,27],"either":[19],"ham":[20],"or":[21,30],"spam.":[22,212],"Email":[23],"spam,":[24],"also":[25],"known":[26],"junk":[28],"unwanted":[31],"emails,":[32],"harm":[34],"users":[35],"by":[36,56],"wasting":[37],"time":[38],"and":[39,59,64,78,96,118,158,168,178,188,201,207],"computing":[40],"resources,":[41],"along":[42],"with":[43],"stealing":[44],"valuable":[45],"information.":[46],"The":[47,150],"volume":[48],"of":[49,90,116,139,190,204],"spam":[50,61,103,124,163],"is":[52,130],"rising":[53],"rapidly":[54],"day":[55],"day.":[57],"Detecting":[58],"filtering":[60],"presents":[62],"significant":[63],"complex":[65],"challenges":[66],"for":[67,101,133,162],"email":[68,123,211],"systems.":[69],"Traditional":[70],"identification":[71],"techniques":[72],"like":[73],"blocklists,":[74],"real-time":[75],"blackhole":[76],"listing,":[77],"content-based":[79],"methods":[80,100,120,145,160],"have":[81,85],"limitations.":[82],"These":[83],"limitations":[84],"led":[86],"the":[88,114,186],"advancement":[89],"more":[91],"sophisticated":[92],"machine":[93],"learning":[94,98],"(ML)":[95],"deep":[97],"(DL)":[99],"enhanced":[102],"detection":[104],"accuracy.":[105],"In":[106],"recent":[107],"years,":[108],"considerable":[109],"attention":[110],"has":[111],"focused":[112],"on":[113,142,199],"potential":[115],"ML":[117,157,206],"DL":[119,159,208],"improve":[122],"detection.":[125],"A":[126],"comprehensive":[127],"literature":[128],"review":[129,151,194],"therefore":[131],"imperative":[132],"developing":[134],"an":[135],"updated,":[136],"evidence-based":[137],"understanding":[138],"contemporary":[140],"research":[141,172],"employing":[143],"these":[144],"against":[146],"this":[147],"persistent":[148],"problem.":[149],"aims":[152],"systematically":[154],"identify":[155],"various":[156],"applied":[161],"detection,":[164],"evaluate":[165],"their":[166],"effectiveness,":[167],"highlight":[169],"promising":[170],"future":[171],"directions":[173],"considering":[174],"gaps.":[175],"By":[176],"combining":[177],"analyzing":[179],"findings":[180],"studies,":[182],"it":[183],"will":[184],"obtain":[185],"strengths":[187],"weaknesses":[189],"existing":[191],"methods.":[192],"This":[193],"seeks":[195],"advance":[197],"knowledge":[198],"reliable":[200],"efficient":[202],"integration":[203],"state-of-the-art":[205],"into":[209],"identifying":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}