{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402742686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3465662","title":"Securing Data From Side-Channel Attacks: A Graph Neural Network-Based Approach for Smartphone-Based Side Channel Attack Detection","display_name":"Securing Data From Side-Channel Attacks: A Graph Neural Network-Based Approach for Smartphone-Based Side Channel Attack Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402742686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3465662"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3465662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3465662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3465662","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069383358","display_name":"Sidra Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0117-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidra Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0117-4390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057434297","display_name":"Stephen Ojo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2383-621X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68812265","display_name":"Anderson University - South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/01gmrmd93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68812265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Ojo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Anderson University, Anderson, SC, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Anderson, Anderson, South Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2383-621X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Anderson University, Anderson, SC, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering Anderson, Anderson, South Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68812265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088894441","display_name":"Imen Bouazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-2212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imen Bouazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-2212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022474498","display_name":"Gabriel Avelino Sampedro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-4409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4242118","display_name":"De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde","ror":"https://ror.org/00wpfwd87","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4242118"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Avelino Sampedro","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management and Information Technology, De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde, Manila, Philippines","Department of Computer Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2354-4409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management and Information Technology, De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde, Manila, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4242118"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071045096","display_name":"Abdullah Al Hejaili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-4723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72264486","display_name":"University of Tabuk","ror":"https://ror.org/04yej8x59","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Al Hejaili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers & Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers & Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045221683","display_name":"Ahmad Almadhor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad S. Almadhor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Al Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Al Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Networks, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055323564","display_name":"Rastislav Kulh\u00e1nek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-7785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74788687","display_name":"Comenius University Bratislava","ror":"https://ror.org/0587ef340","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74788687"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rastislav Kulh\u00e1nek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Department, Faculty of Management, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia","Information Systems Department, Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov, Bratislava, Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-7785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Management, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74788687"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74788687"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.9708,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87531835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"138904","last_page":"138920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.9071404933929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6817228198051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/client-side","display_name":"Client-side","score":0.5501846671104431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.48260581493377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4250728487968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4227180480957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.22511839866638184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.9071404933929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6817228198051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202477664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352449","display_name":"Client-side","level":2,"score":0.5501846671104431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.48260581493377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4250728487968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4227180480957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.22511839866638184}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3465662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3465662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:17f06f1754054ea9b51369f0a70a0a16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/17f06f1754054ea9b51369f0a70a0a16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 138904-138920 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3465662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3465662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1371059867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP.1/338/45","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","funder_display_name":"King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1772067890","https://openalex.org/W2050937543","https://openalex.org/W2286036512","https://openalex.org/W3005923092","https://openalex.org/W3047304572","https://openalex.org/W3119198663","https://openalex.org/W3173922570","https://openalex.org/W3183160983","https://openalex.org/W3200676693","https://openalex.org/W4225423421","https://openalex.org/W4294001522","https://openalex.org/W4312221979","https://openalex.org/W4362545116","https://openalex.org/W4380483904","https://openalex.org/W4382239090","https://openalex.org/W4394999531","https://openalex.org/W6697491314","https://openalex.org/W6776563290","https://openalex.org/W6840086105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4302890120","https://openalex.org/W4402156186","https://openalex.org/W3196561854","https://openalex.org/W4288264855","https://openalex.org/W1995482645","https://openalex.org/W2800367972","https://openalex.org/W3212202758","https://openalex.org/W1979999931","https://openalex.org/W4372271877","https://openalex.org/W4400100943"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116,134],"widespread":[1],"use":[2],"of":[3,13,222,228,236,267,295],"smartphones":[4],"has":[5,20],"brought":[6],"convenience":[7],"and":[8,78,112,145,147,165,167,254,271],"connectivity":[9],"to":[10,47,90,197,232,292],"the":[11,14,22,49,120,130,207,225,234,244,260,264,275,279,285,289,293],"fingertips":[12],"masses.":[15],"As":[16],"a":[17,39,83,199],"result,":[18],"this":[19,149,194,229,240],"paved":[21],"way":[23],"for":[24,186],"potential":[25],"security":[26],"vulnerabilities":[27],"concerning":[28],"sensitive":[29,67],"data,":[30,182],"particularly":[31],"by":[32,202,218],"exploiting":[33],"side-channel":[34,54,92,216,296,317],"attacks.":[35,55,318],"When":[36],"typing":[37,128],"on":[38,94,129],"smartphone\u2019s":[40],"keyboard,":[41],"its":[42],"vibrations":[43,125],"can":[44,60,176],"be":[45],"misused":[46],"discern":[48],"entered":[50,209],"characters,":[51],"thus":[52],"facilitating":[53],"These":[56],"smartphone":[57,95,131,140,190,211,297,315],"hardware":[58],"sensors":[59],"capture":[61,178],"such":[62,155],"information":[63,208],"while":[64,127],"users":[65],"input":[66],"data":[68,135,150,204,302],"like":[69],"personal":[70],"details,":[71],"names,":[72],"email":[73],"addresses,":[74],"age,":[75],"bank":[76],"details":[77],"passwords.":[79],"This":[80,170],"study":[81,171,230,280,290],"presents":[82],"novel":[84],"Graph":[85,305],"Neural":[86],"Network":[87],"(GNN)":[88],"approach":[89,118],"predict":[91],"attacks":[93,217],"keyboards;":[96],"different":[97],"GNN":[98,174,237,245],"architectures":[99,175,238],"were":[100],"used,":[101],"including":[102],"GNN,":[103],"DeepGraphNet,":[104],"Gradient":[105,109],"Boosting":[106,110],"(GB)+DeepGraphNet,":[107],"Extreme":[108],"(XGB)+DeepGraphNet":[111],"K-Nearest":[113],"Neighbor":[114],"(KNN)+DeepGraphNet.":[115],"proposed":[117],"detects":[119],"side":[121],"channel":[122],"attack":[123],"using":[124,151],"produced":[126],"soft":[132],"keyboard.":[133],"was":[136],"collected":[137],"from":[138,215],"three":[139],"sensors,":[141,312],"an":[142,220],"accelerometer,":[143],"gyroscope,":[144],"magnetometer,":[146],"evaluated":[148],"common":[152],"evaluation":[153],"measures":[154],"as":[156],"accuracy,":[157,251],"precision,":[158,252],"recall,":[159,253],"F1-score,":[160],"ROC":[161],"curves,":[162],"confusion":[163],"matrix":[164],"accuracy":[166,221],"loss":[168],"curves.":[169],"demonstrated":[172],"that":[173,258],"effectively":[177],"complex":[179],"relationships":[180],"in":[181,189,206,239,278,284],"making":[183],"them":[184],"well-suited":[185],"analyzing":[187],"patterns":[188],"sensor":[191],"data.":[192],"Likewise,":[193],"research":[195],"aims":[196],"fill":[198],"crucial":[200],"gap":[201],"enhancing":[203],"privacy":[205],"through":[210],"keyboards,":[212],"shielding":[213],"it":[214],"providing":[219],"98.26%.":[223],"Subsequently,":[224],"primary":[226],"objective":[227],"is":[231],"assess":[233],"effectiveness":[235],"precise":[241],"context.":[242],"Similarly,":[243],"model":[246],"exhibits":[247],"compelling":[248],"performance,":[249],"achieving":[250],"f1":[255],"score":[256],"metrics":[257,276],"showcase":[259],"model\u2019s":[261],"effectiveness,":[262],"with":[263],"highest":[265],"values":[266],"0.98,":[268,269,270,272],"respectively.":[273],"Significantly,":[274],"mentioned":[277],"outperform":[281],"those":[282],"documented":[283],"previous":[286],"literature.":[287],"Overall,":[288],"contributes":[291],"detection":[294],"attacks,":[298],"which":[299],"advances":[300],"secure":[301],"practices.INDEX":[303],"TERMS":[304],"neural":[306],"networks":[307],"(GNN),":[308],"keystroke":[309],"inference,":[310],"motion":[311],"machine":[313],"learning,":[314],"security,":[316]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}