{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402301347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3455433","title":"Hard Exudates Segmentation in Diabetic Retinopathy Using DiaRetDB1","display_name":"Hard Exudates Segmentation in Diabetic Retinopathy Using DiaRetDB1","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402301347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3455433"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3455433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3455433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3455433","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101604526","display_name":"Ma Yinghua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5047-6128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ma Yinghua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5047-6128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070706860","display_name":"Yang Heng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8440-2802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8440-2802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003826622","display_name":"R. Amarnath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204743663","display_name":"University of Mysore","ror":"https://ror.org/012bxv356","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204743663"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Amarnath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Mysore, Mysore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-8969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Mysore, Mysore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204743663"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077369376","display_name":"Hui Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-7424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131573596","display_name":"Abbottabad University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0549hdw45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeng Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131573596","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101604526"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960","https://openalex.org/I3131573596"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.6982,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95353622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"126486","last_page":"126502"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7573264837265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.7570689916610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4197269380092621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.290885865688324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.21818390488624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1497858762741089}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7573264837265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7570689916610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4197269380092621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.290885865688324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.21818390488624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1497858762741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3455433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3455433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:40f8e2a3464c45b79747eae613aeed2c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/40f8e2a3464c45b79747eae613aeed2c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 126486-126502 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3455433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3455433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1091878006","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1915008606","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2268996142","https://openalex.org/W2302302587","https://openalex.org/W2520642007","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2772246530","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2883936846","https://openalex.org/W2904531944","https://openalex.org/W2915496375","https://openalex.org/W2940524302","https://openalex.org/W2954086482","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2986571423","https://openalex.org/W2996489182","https://openalex.org/W3002669799","https://openalex.org/W3005762692","https://openalex.org/W3015209252","https://openalex.org/W3016949080","https://openalex.org/W3024102649","https://openalex.org/W3084620223","https://openalex.org/W3095265157","https://openalex.org/W3126755857","https://openalex.org/W3164217954","https://openalex.org/W3188875390","https://openalex.org/W3195636772","https://openalex.org/W3216797924","https://openalex.org/W3217501819","https://openalex.org/W4205190579","https://openalex.org/W4206331000","https://openalex.org/W4210378860","https://openalex.org/W4211250923","https://openalex.org/W4213233770","https://openalex.org/W4214738797","https://openalex.org/W4221140998","https://openalex.org/W4281753026","https://openalex.org/W4293858478","https://openalex.org/W4306249365","https://openalex.org/W4306406862","https://openalex.org/W4321650184","https://openalex.org/W4322630607","https://openalex.org/W4323047277","https://openalex.org/W4324085403","https://openalex.org/W4327969914","https://openalex.org/W4365141334","https://openalex.org/W4366729162","https://openalex.org/W4380989731","https://openalex.org/W4381309389","https://openalex.org/W4381617436","https://openalex.org/W4381856571","https://openalex.org/W4381986112","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6809798707","https://openalex.org/W6815524999","https://openalex.org/W6850123963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W4402327032","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"poses":[3],"a":[4,91,107],"major":[5],"challenge":[6],"in":[7,18,45,75,149,182,213],"vision":[8,17],"care,":[9],"often":[10,79],"leading":[11,216],"to":[12,100,131,164,200,207,217],"partial":[13],"or":[14,51],"complete":[15],"limited":[16,108,169],"adults.":[19],"Early":[20],"and":[21,31,65,98,117,146,193],"accurate":[22],"detection":[23,209],"of":[24,38,71,154,161,210],"DR":[25,39,166],"is":[26,41,78,115],"essential":[27],"for":[28,185],"timely":[29],"intervention":[30],"effective":[32],"patient":[33,219],"management.":[34],"One":[35],"critical":[36],"aspect":[37],"diagnosis":[40,64,167],"identifying":[42],"hard":[43,102,211],"exudates":[44,103,212],"retinal":[46,60],"images.":[47],"Using":[48],"deep":[49,82,93,174],"tech":[50],"computer-aided":[52],"methods,":[53],"ophthalmologists":[54],"can":[55],"gain":[56],"detailed":[57],"insights":[58],"into":[59],"health,":[61],"facilitating":[62],"precise":[63],"treatment":[66],"planning.":[67],"However,":[68,187],"the":[69,113,124,135,159],"availability":[70],"medical":[72],"image":[73,130],"data":[74],"open":[76],"datasets":[77,192],"limited,":[80],"making":[81],"analysis":[83],"challenging.":[84],"To":[85],"address":[86],"this":[87],"issue,":[88],"we":[89],"introduce":[90],"U-Net":[92,140],"learning":[94,175],"model,":[95],"specifically":[96],"modified":[97,139],"designed":[99],"segment":[101],"effectively,":[104],"even":[105],"with":[106,128,168,190,195],"dataset.":[109],"In":[110],"our":[111,138,162,177,202],"study,":[112],"model":[114],"trained":[116],"tested":[118],"on":[119],"89":[120],"original":[121],"images":[122],"from":[123],"DiaRetDB1":[125],"dataset,":[126,137],"supplemented":[127],"augmented":[129],"improve":[132,165],"robustness.":[133],"Despite":[134],"small":[136],"achieves":[141],"high":[142],"sensitivity,":[143],"specificity,":[144],"precision,":[145],"accuracy,":[147],"culminating":[148],"an":[150],"impressive":[151],"F1":[152],"score":[153],"0.9754.":[155],"These":[156],"results":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"potential":[160],"approach":[163],"resources.":[170],"By":[171],"adapting":[172],"existing":[173],"models,":[176],"research":[178],"shows":[179],"significant":[180],"enhancements":[181],"diagnostic":[183],"accuracy":[184],"DR.":[186],"further":[188],"validation":[189],"larger":[191],"comparisons":[194],"other":[196],"methods":[197],"are":[198],"necessary":[199],"confirm":[201],"findings.":[203],"This":[204],"study":[205],"contributes":[206],"better":[208],"DR,":[214],"ultimately":[215],"improved":[218],"outcomes.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}