{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402124713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3453755","title":"Terminal Voltage and Load Frequency Control in a Real Four-Area Multi-Source Interconnected Power System With Nonlinearities via OOBO Algorithm","display_name":"Terminal Voltage and Load Frequency Control in a Real Four-Area Multi-Source Interconnected Power System With Nonlinearities via OOBO Algorithm","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402124713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3453755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3453755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3453755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3453755","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060679813","display_name":"Tayyab Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0218-0098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tayyab Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0218-0098","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002945363","display_name":"Muhammad Usman Asad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4851-8602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121243025","display_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/047w75g40","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090007287","display_name":"Ezzeddine Touti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ezzeddine Touti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5328-9528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099047101","display_name":"Besma Bechir Graba","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Besma Bechir Graba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005425616","display_name":"Mouloud Aoudia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9455-1297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mouloud Aoudia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9455-1297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087163018","display_name":"Ghulam Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7383-6798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7383-6798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000917572","display_name":"Hammad Alnuman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hammad Alnuman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-0690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013586401","display_name":"Waleed Nureldeen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165529","display_name":"University of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tcr1n44","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waleed Nureldeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060679813"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121243025"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.7397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93808712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"123782","last_page":"123803"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.6159474849700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminal","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","score":0.5717839002609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5583956837654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5500432848930359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5154131650924683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.49577412009239197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.45451590418815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4188271462917328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.30177101492881775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2933283746242523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20126685500144958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17598649859428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13421738147735596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.6159474849700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779664074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518405","display_name":"Terminal (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.5717839002609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5583956837654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5500432848930359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5154131650924683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49577412009239197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.45451590418815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4188271462917328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.30177101492881775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2933283746242523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20126685500144958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17598649859428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13421738147735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3453755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3453755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0661c14e43b74738a1dc02f2d4e761df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0661c14e43b74738a1dc02f2d4e761df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 123782-123803 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3453755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3453755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050667144","https://openalex.org/W2797430808","https://openalex.org/W2998426880","https://openalex.org/W3037324930","https://openalex.org/W3046908235","https://openalex.org/W3095879814","https://openalex.org/W3107660503","https://openalex.org/W3112356854","https://openalex.org/W3133649013","https://openalex.org/W3181187896","https://openalex.org/W3188043838","https://openalex.org/W3188977414","https://openalex.org/W3192639047","https://openalex.org/W3194996785","https://openalex.org/W3199928800","https://openalex.org/W3201839152","https://openalex.org/W3212206449","https://openalex.org/W4206177440","https://openalex.org/W4224221908","https://openalex.org/W4225506089","https://openalex.org/W4226413499","https://openalex.org/W4281654875","https://openalex.org/W4285013632","https://openalex.org/W4285184150","https://openalex.org/W4289527954","https://openalex.org/W4293056313","https://openalex.org/W4293499168","https://openalex.org/W4298004947","https://openalex.org/W4309046887","https://openalex.org/W4309316517","https://openalex.org/W4313480717","https://openalex.org/W4319068789","https://openalex.org/W4321497774","https://openalex.org/W4380881409","https://openalex.org/W4382197228","https://openalex.org/W4387265282","https://openalex.org/W4387801977","https://openalex.org/W4388507459","https://openalex.org/W4388687977","https://openalex.org/W4389139289","https://openalex.org/W4390748234","https://openalex.org/W4391602670","https://openalex.org/W4392095791","https://openalex.org/W4392817688","https://openalex.org/W4395069525","https://openalex.org/W4400687981","https://openalex.org/W4401912457","https://openalex.org/W4402020288","https://openalex.org/W6779762727"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3211557223","https://openalex.org/W1528816634","https://openalex.org/W2007036916","https://openalex.org/W4206528302","https://openalex.org/W872563264","https://openalex.org/W2164087676","https://openalex.org/W4240867999","https://openalex.org/W3203237455","https://openalex.org/W2145753860","https://openalex.org/W1895825885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,119,212,337],"increasing":[1],"expansion":[2],"of":[3,13,22,38,74,101,121,149,157,178,185,207,219,246,269,278,292,309,324,335,342],"the":[4,11,23,51,72,81,89,97,102,111,122,150,155,163,179,183,186,196,204,208,217,223,229,234,238,240,247,276,289,293,305,310,325,340,343],"industrial":[5],"and":[6,46,62,85,99,137,143,172,243,253,264,307,329],"domestic":[7],"sectors,":[8],"combined":[9],"with":[10,255,273],"integration":[12],"renewable":[14,139],"energy":[15,76,140],"sources,":[16],"has":[17,31],"led":[18,32],"to":[19,33,77,95,202],"an":[20],"overload":[21],"existing":[24],"interconnected":[25],"power":[26,48,86,244],"systems,":[27],"which":[28,124,270,297],"in":[29,42,88,129,176,301],"turn":[30],"significant":[34],"bottlenecks.":[35],"This":[36,108],"confluence":[37],"factors":[39],"manifests":[40],"itself":[41],"severe":[43],"frequency,":[44,83],"voltage":[45,59,84],"tie-line":[47],"issues,":[49],"highlighting":[50],"urgent":[52],"need":[53],"for":[54,114,232],"intelligent":[55],"control":[56,65,112,151,257,331,345],"mechanisms.":[57],"Automatic":[58],"regulation":[60],"(AVR)":[61],"load":[63,281,283],"frequency":[64,242],"(LFC)":[66],"are":[67,93,271,314],"key":[68],"components":[69],"that":[70,320],"ensure":[71,96],"supply":[73],"high-quality":[75],"consumers":[78],"while":[79],"maintaining":[80],"nominal":[82],"deviations":[87],"grid.":[90],"These":[91],"measures":[92],"essential":[94],"stability":[98],"safety":[100],"IPS":[103],"under":[104],"these":[105],"challenging":[106],"conditions.":[107],"research":[109],"addresses":[110],"strategies":[113],"a":[115,146,191,279,317,333],"four-area":[116],"sophisticated":[117],"IPS.":[118],"complexity":[120],"system,":[123],"includes":[125],"five":[126],"generation":[127,168],"units":[128],"each":[130,177],"area,":[131],"including":[132],"gas,":[133],"thermal":[134],"reheating,":[135],"hydropower":[136],"two":[138],"sources":[141],"(wind":[142],"photovoltaic),":[144],"requires":[145],"careful":[147],"study":[148],"methods.":[152],"In":[153,188,237],"particular,":[154],"inclusion":[156],"various":[158],"non-linear":[159],"factors,":[160],"such":[161],"as":[162,228],"governor":[164],"dead":[165],"band":[166],"(GDB),":[167],"rate":[169],"constraint":[170],"(GRC)":[171],"boiler":[173],"dynamics":[174],"(BD)":[175],"four":[180],"areas,":[181],"increases":[182],"realism":[184],"study.":[187],"this":[189],"context,":[190],"recently":[192],"introduced":[193],"meta-heuristic":[194],"algorithm,":[195],"One-to-One-based":[197],"Optimizer":[198],"(OOBO),":[199],"was":[200],"used":[201],"determine":[203],"optimal":[205],"parameters":[206],"proportional-integral-proportional-derivative":[209],"(PI-PD)":[210],"controller.":[211],"tuning":[213],"process":[214],"involves":[215],"using":[216],"integral":[218],"time":[220,327],"multiplied":[221],"by":[222,316],"squared":[224],"error":[225,230],"value":[226],"(ITSE)":[227],"criterion":[231],"evaluating":[233],"fitness":[235],"function.":[236],"study,":[239],"voltage,":[241],"performance":[245,291],"OOBO":[248,294,311],"PI-PD":[249,295,312],"controller":[250],"is":[251],"evaluated":[252],"compared":[254],"alternative":[256],"methods,":[258],"namely":[259],"Proportional-Integral-Derivative":[260],"(PID),":[261],"Integral-Proportional":[262],"(I-P)":[263],"Integral-Proportional-Derivative":[265],"(I-PD)":[266],"controllers,":[267],"all":[268,302],"tuned":[272],"OOBO.":[274],"Under":[275],"influence":[277],"5%":[280],"step":[282],"perturbation":[284],"(SLP),":[285],"comprehensive":[286],"comparisons":[287],"show":[288],"superior":[290],"controller,":[296],"shows":[298],"better":[299],"responses":[300],"areas.":[303],"Furthermore,":[304],"reliability":[306],"effectiveness":[308],"method":[313],"validated":[315],"sensitivity":[318],"analysis":[319],"considers":[321],"simultaneous":[322],"variations":[323],"turbine":[326],"constant":[328],"speed":[330],"within":[332],"range":[334],"\u00b125%.":[336],"results":[338],"highlight":[339],"robustness":[341],"OOBO-PI-PD":[344]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
