{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401878939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3450368","title":"Analyzing Cyber-Physical Modularity and Interdependence Using Bio-Inspired Graph Modeling","display_name":"Analyzing Cyber-Physical Modularity and Interdependence Using Bio-Inspired Graph Modeling","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401878939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3450368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3450368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3450368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3450368","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109330694","display_name":"Emily Payne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164117","display_name":"Walker (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hgh7849","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily M. Payne","raw_affiliation_strings":["J. Mike Walker &#x2019;66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4454-3549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"J. Mike Walker &#x2019;66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830","https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019946024","display_name":"Shamina Hossain\u2010McKenzie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3085-8193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamina S. Hossain-Mckenzie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110750941","display_name":"Nicholas Jacobs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019388047","display_name":"Katherine Davis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1603-1122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine R. Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1603-1122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018076198","display_name":"Astrid Layton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3790-2916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164117","display_name":"Walker (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hgh7849","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Astrid Layton","raw_affiliation_strings":["J. Mike Walker &#x2019;66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3790-2916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"J. Mike Walker &#x2019;66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830","https://openalex.org/I4210164117"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9176,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72619888,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"126188","last_page":"126199"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9573000073432922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9573000073432922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10621","display_name":"Gene Regulatory Network Analysis","score":0.9366000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9337999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7091639041900635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","score":0.6955602169036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5479635000228882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5097312331199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4780169725418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-theory","display_name":"Graph theory","score":0.47618284821510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34458085894584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15312647819519043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7091639041900635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6955602169036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5479635000228882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5097312331199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4780169725418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.47618284821510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34458085894584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15312647819519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3450368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3450368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c8ec4888a323468eacdf31cf8a282eca","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c8ec4888a323468eacdf31cf8a282eca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 126188-126199 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2437843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2437843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2446762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2446762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3450368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3450368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5376467324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"229324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92962046","https://openalex.org/W1647431324","https://openalex.org/W1972501876","https://openalex.org/W1973864183","https://openalex.org/W1975998971","https://openalex.org/W1986678763","https://openalex.org/W1992923997","https://openalex.org/W1994665850","https://openalex.org/W2009996112","https://openalex.org/W2011943106","https://openalex.org/W2033551380","https://openalex.org/W2049546703","https://openalex.org/W2063339845","https://openalex.org/W2066824420","https://openalex.org/W2066918346","https://openalex.org/W2069994241","https://openalex.org/W2081043235","https://openalex.org/W2081804935","https://openalex.org/W2082019924","https://openalex.org/W2098637141","https://openalex.org/W2113283744","https://openalex.org/W2122184339","https://openalex.org/W2124064567","https://openalex.org/W2125315573","https://openalex.org/W2129309411","https://openalex.org/W2137355344","https://openalex.org/W2144199228","https://openalex.org/W2159544713","https://openalex.org/W2170893095","https://openalex.org/W2508393818","https://openalex.org/W2556148975","https://openalex.org/W2593375656","https://openalex.org/W2601924125","https://openalex.org/W2613843087","https://openalex.org/W2781662152","https://openalex.org/W2783863067","https://openalex.org/W2912043463","https://openalex.org/W2921750014","https://openalex.org/W2944667299","https://openalex.org/W2945982967","https://openalex.org/W2946901020","https://openalex.org/W2946979214","https://openalex.org/W2963443252","https://openalex.org/W2987370277","https://openalex.org/W2991121799","https://openalex.org/W3010490819","https://openalex.org/W3021820999","https://openalex.org/W3082906862","https://openalex.org/W3089564601","https://openalex.org/W3094117708","https://openalex.org/W3095236743","https://openalex.org/W3097642753","https://openalex.org/W3097854779","https://openalex.org/W3101235356","https://openalex.org/W3102201777","https://openalex.org/W3129167250","https://openalex.org/W3134450160","https://openalex.org/W3135403073","https://openalex.org/W3137197540","https://openalex.org/W3189504896","https://openalex.org/W3200769060","https://openalex.org/W4225884703","https://openalex.org/W4241512725","https://openalex.org/W4242082482","https://openalex.org/W4361758138","https://openalex.org/W4385893464","https://openalex.org/W4387007518","https://openalex.org/W4388856198","https://openalex.org/W4391019495","https://openalex.org/W4399893772"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4230687177","https://openalex.org/W1968829728","https://openalex.org/W2349859869","https://openalex.org/W4316651471","https://openalex.org/W3120118008","https://openalex.org/W2532801570","https://openalex.org/W4385627933","https://openalex.org/W2480127678","https://openalex.org/W2806270048","https://openalex.org/W4310605282"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"power":[1,143,179],"grids":[2,144],"and":[3,12,75,80,92,108,120,139,145,189],"other":[4,146],"complex":[5,66,147,164],"systems":[6],"are":[7,195],"a":[8,113,163,177],"fusion":[9],"of":[10,39,59,65,87,137,182],"physical":[11,140],"cyber":[13,138],"components,":[14],"giving":[15],"rise":[16],"to":[17,55,78,124,197],"intricate":[18],"interdependencies.":[19],"These":[20,149],"interdependencies,":[21],"however,":[22],"also":[23],"expose":[24],"vulnerabilities":[25],"that":[26,153],"can":[27,104],"be":[28],"exploited":[29],"by":[30,43],"adversaries.":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33,99],"delves":[34],"into":[35,134],"the":[36,57,63,85,88,93,127,135,186,190],"critical":[37],"examination":[38],"these":[40,82,102],"interconnections,":[41],"inspired":[42],"Ecological":[44],"Network":[45],"Analysis":[46],"(ENA).":[47],"By":[48],"drawing":[49],"from":[50],"ecological":[51,118],"modeling,":[52],"we":[53,116],"aim":[54],"understand":[56],"role":[58],"cyber-physical":[60,178],"interdependencies":[61,83],"in":[62,84,142,176],"resilience":[64],"systems.":[67,148],"We":[68],"introduce":[69],"various":[70],"modeling":[71],"methods,":[72],"including":[73],"bipartite":[74],"tripartite":[76,154],"networks,":[77],"analyze":[79],"map":[81],"context":[86],"IEEE":[89],"WSCC":[90,187],"9-bus":[91,188],"ACTIV":[94,191],"200-bus":[95,192],"case":[96,193],"study.":[97],"The":[98,130],"explores":[100],"how":[101,172],"models":[103],"identify":[105],"key":[106],"actors":[107],"assess":[109],"network":[110],"resilience.":[111],"Through":[112],"detailed":[114,169],"methodology,":[115],"apply":[117],"metrics":[119],"community":[121],"identification":[122],"techniques":[123],"comprehensively":[125],"evaluate":[126],"system\u2019s":[128],"interactions.":[129],"findings":[131],"offer":[132],"insights":[133],"interplay":[136],"elements":[141],"analysis":[150],"methods":[151],"show":[152],"networks":[155],"produce":[156],"more":[157],"information":[158,170],"on":[159,171],"indirect":[160],"interactions":[161],"within":[162],"network.":[165],"Additionally,":[166],"they":[167],"provide":[168],"disturbances":[173],"could":[174],"propagate":[175],"system.":[180],"Denial":[181],"service":[183],"scenarios":[184],"for":[185],"studies":[194],"employed":[196],"support":[198],"this":[199],"conclusion.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
