{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401878960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3449702","title":"ZEBRA: Zero Trust Architecture Employing Blockchain Technology and ROPUF for AMI Security","display_name":"ZEBRA: Zero Trust Architecture Employing Blockchain Technology and ROPUF for AMI Security","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401878960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3449702"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3449702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3449702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3449702","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034983936","display_name":"Faris Alsulami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-3905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faris Alsulami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-3905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101772899","display_name":"Akshay Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-7719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akshay R. Kulkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004852028","display_name":"Noor Ahmad Hazari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204593131","display_name":"College of Charleston","ror":"https://ror.org/00390t168","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204593131"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor Ahmad Hazari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204593131"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014613583","display_name":"Mohammed Niamat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1896-1569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Y. Niamat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.1603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93098424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"119868","last_page":"119883"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9607272148132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6318175196647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5866128206253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5566961169242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","score":0.4991776943206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-knowledge-proof","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","score":0.41528645157814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.30309566855430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10055941343307495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9607272148132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6318175196647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5866128206253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5566961169242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4991776943206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176329583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191943","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","level":3,"score":0.41528645157814026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.30309566855430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10055941343307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3449702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3449702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35a970dd55b74183b2292c4458d946f1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35a970dd55b74183b2292c4458d946f1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 119868-119883 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3449702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3449702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1680600764","https://openalex.org/W1966124282","https://openalex.org/W1986789244","https://openalex.org/W2047410974","https://openalex.org/W2058348003","https://openalex.org/W2061250150","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2116065935","https://openalex.org/W2151295171","https://openalex.org/W2465504377","https://openalex.org/W2552272563","https://openalex.org/W2564172594","https://openalex.org/W2587902363","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2619984247","https://openalex.org/W2757910660","https://openalex.org/W2764129961","https://openalex.org/W2774802253","https://openalex.org/W2780923962","https://openalex.org/W2800348009","https://openalex.org/W2810807736","https://openalex.org/W2840752856","https://openalex.org/W2886149729","https://openalex.org/W2904338335","https://openalex.org/W2906828877","https://openalex.org/W2914443561","https://openalex.org/W2949824729","https://openalex.org/W2964913305","https://openalex.org/W2976189582","https://openalex.org/W2990484462","https://openalex.org/W2995871203","https://openalex.org/W2998233014","https://openalex.org/W3004205122","https://openalex.org/W3004579115","https://openalex.org/W3004595072","https://openalex.org/W3007791645","https://openalex.org/W3013391778","https://openalex.org/W3013479300","https://openalex.org/W3015506906","https://openalex.org/W3015704437","https://openalex.org/W3016687266","https://openalex.org/W3031244200","https://openalex.org/W3033883446","https://openalex.org/W3086373116","https://openalex.org/W3088560023","https://openalex.org/W3090320675","https://openalex.org/W3090758167","https://openalex.org/W3099385804","https://openalex.org/W3101361680","https://openalex.org/W3110587988","https://openalex.org/W3113867535","https://openalex.org/W3131117674","https://openalex.org/W3146337653","https://openalex.org/W3155854917","https://openalex.org/W3161306566","https://openalex.org/W3185512608","https://openalex.org/W3196263195","https://openalex.org/W3196776460","https://openalex.org/W3197520482","https://openalex.org/W4200016541","https://openalex.org/W4200357198","https://openalex.org/W4206529781","https://openalex.org/W4225117271","https://openalex.org/W4226060123","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4283586863","https://openalex.org/W4289820826","https://openalex.org/W4328121691","https://openalex.org/W4390224868","https://openalex.org/W4391410243","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6745035092","https://openalex.org/W6797900341","https://openalex.org/W6801295371","https://openalex.org/W6879654269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W2952570804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"grid":[1],"(SG)":[2],"has":[3],"evolved":[4],"as":[5,71],"a":[6,65,89,100,112,124,140,155,211,217,233],"recent":[7],"topic":[8],"of":[9,18,30,41,50,68,126,149,180,197,214,249,256,276],"discussion":[10],"and":[11,20,32,84,135,174,228,258,261,267],"research":[12],"globally,":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,37,105,145,167,189,221,269],"the":[16,27,51,54,96,118,147,150,160,164,171,192,198,203,207,223,247],"integration":[17],"communication":[19],"internet":[21],"in":[22,60,139,163],"its":[23],"network.":[24],"It":[25],"facilitates":[26],"bidirectional":[28],"flow":[29],"information":[31],"power":[33],"making":[34],"it":[35],"vulnerable":[36],"attacks":[38],"including":[39],"denial":[40],"service,":[42],"fault":[43],"injection,":[44],"man-in-the-middle,":[45],"etc.":[46,78],"An":[47],"integral":[48],"part":[49],"SG,":[52],"is":[53,88,103,120,187,240],"advanced":[55],"metering":[56],"infrastructure":[57],"(AMI),":[58],"which":[59],"turn":[61],"embodies":[62],"within":[63,86],"itself":[64],"critical":[66],"component":[67],"SG":[69],"such":[70],"smart":[72,97,161],"meter":[73],"(SM),":[74],"utility":[75],"company":[76],"(UC),":[77],"The":[79,152,183,242],"AMI":[80,119,165,237],"also":[81],"exchanging":[82],"data":[83],"electricity":[85],"itself,":[87,186],"gold":[90],"mine":[91],"for":[92,117,133,137,159,231,273],"adversaries.":[93],"In":[94,109],"addition,":[95],"meter,":[98],"being":[99],"hardware":[101,106,173],"entity,":[102],"susceptible":[104],"oriented":[107],"attacks.":[108],"this":[110],"work,":[111],"novel":[113],"authentication":[114,134,184,238],"scheme,":[115,185],"ZEBRA,":[116],"proposed.":[121],"ZEBRA":[122],"utilizes":[123],"combination":[125],"Ring":[127],"Oscillator":[128],"Physical":[129],"Unclonable":[130],"Functions":[131],"(ROPUFs)":[132],"blockchain":[136,229,262],"traceability":[138],"Zero":[141],"Trust":[142],"Architecture":[143],"(ZTA)":[144],"enhance":[146],"security":[148],"AMI.":[151],"architecture":[153],"entails":[154],"design":[156],"that":[157],"allows":[158],"meters":[162],"network":[166],"be":[168],"retrofitted":[169],"with":[170],"new":[172],"does":[175],"not":[176],"require":[177],"any":[178],"use":[179],"onboard":[181],"memory.":[182],"built":[188],"function":[190],"using":[191],"Hamming":[193],"code":[194],"parity":[195],"bits":[196],"ROPUF\u2019s":[199],"response,":[200],"rather":[201],"than":[202],"direct":[204],"responses":[205],"from":[206],"ROPUFs.":[208],"This":[209],"ensures":[210],"higher":[212],"degree":[213],"difficulty":[215],"towards":[216],"malicious":[218],"actor":[219],"attempting":[220],"hack":[222],"device.":[224],"By":[225],"combining":[226],"ROPUFs":[227],"technology":[230],"ZTA":[232,250],"maximum":[234],"security,":[235],"real-time":[236],"scheme":[239],"realized.":[241],"investigation":[243],"aimed":[244],"at":[245],"satisfying":[246],"tenets":[248,272],"laid":[251],"down":[252],"by":[253],"National":[254],"Institute":[255],"Standard":[257],"Technology.":[259],"ROPUF":[260],"have":[263],"been":[264],"used":[265],"individually":[266],"together":[268],"realize":[270],"these":[271],"sucessful":[274],"implementation":[275],"ZEBRA.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
