{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401691801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445498","title":"A Lightweight Intrusion Detection System for Vehicular Networks Based on an Improved ViT Model","display_name":"A Lightweight Intrusion Detection System for Vehicular Networks Based on an Improved ViT Model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401691801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445498"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3445498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445498","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101571536","display_name":"Shaoqiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1629-1581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoqiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1629-1581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102206706","display_name":"Baosen Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3074-8608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baosen Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3074-8608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029801427","display_name":"Zhaoyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3117-0833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102695298","display_name":"Ziyao Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyao Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020985581","display_name":"Yubao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5027-227X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yinfei Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3151-7227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106645853","display_name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007mntk44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinfei Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3151-7227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106645853"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4028,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89063096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"118842","last_page":"118856"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9143999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7374852895736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.7249397039413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-prevention-system","display_name":"Intrusion prevention system","score":0.43339988589286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3916901648044586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38063034415245056}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7374852895736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7249397039413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27061796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion prevention system","level":3,"score":0.43339988589286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3916901648044586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38063034415245056}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3445498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f4cb0dc8af04858aac8e4aad1334a9d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f4cb0dc8af04858aac8e4aad1334a9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 118842-118856 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3445498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116520617","https://openalex.org/W2639370877","https://openalex.org/W2746314669","https://openalex.org/W2792310067","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2901447795","https://openalex.org/W2979202956","https://openalex.org/W3092232275","https://openalex.org/W3118411625","https://openalex.org/W3175984392","https://openalex.org/W3194066230","https://openalex.org/W3199155356","https://openalex.org/W4206382210","https://openalex.org/W4212937121","https://openalex.org/W4213019189","https://openalex.org/W4220910237","https://openalex.org/W4226105319","https://openalex.org/W4226441780","https://openalex.org/W4292387419","https://openalex.org/W4293055909","https://openalex.org/W4308605894","https://openalex.org/W4313170858","https://openalex.org/W4317600390","https://openalex.org/W4321637061","https://openalex.org/W4366957357","https://openalex.org/W4378078079","https://openalex.org/W4378976213","https://openalex.org/W4379409137","https://openalex.org/W4385545035","https://openalex.org/W4386951995","https://openalex.org/W6743428213","https://openalex.org/W6756644230","https://openalex.org/W6890124301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392603527","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W2348767155","https://openalex.org/W1513478798","https://openalex.org/W2388497169","https://openalex.org/W4283700121","https://openalex.org/W1496376327","https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W3120393658","https://openalex.org/W4300599821"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,9,13,31,112,122,131,136,157,168,190],"connectivity":[2],"between":[3],"Electronic":[4],"Control":[5],"Units":[6],"(ECUs)":[7],"and":[8,15,95,116,135],"external":[10],"environment":[11],"intensifies,":[12],"security":[14,47],"safeguarding":[16],"of":[17,46,125,150,171],"In-Vehicle":[18],"Networks":[19],"(IVNs)":[20],"have":[21],"become":[22],"pressing":[23],"issues.":[24],"The":[25,70,174],"Controller":[26],"Area":[27],"Network":[28],"(CAN)":[29],"bus,":[30],"most":[32],"commonly":[33],"employed":[34],"vehicular":[35,155],"network":[36],"protocol,":[37],"is":[38],"particularly":[39],"vulnerable":[40],"due":[41],"to":[42,52],"its":[43],"inherent":[44],"lack":[45],"measures,":[48],"making":[49],"it":[50],"susceptible":[51],"various":[53],"attacks.":[54,151],"In":[55,152],"this":[56],"paper,":[57],"we":[58],"introduce":[59],"a":[60,96,153],"novel":[61],"intrusion":[62],"detection":[63,158],"model":[64,73,142,183],"for":[65,92,160],"CAN":[66,126,172],"networks,":[67],"named":[68],"IVN-ViT.":[69],"proposed":[71,179],"IVN-ViT":[72],"utilizes":[74],"an":[75],"enhanced":[76],"Vision":[77],"Transformer":[78],"architecture":[79],"(Edge-ViT),":[80],"incorporating":[81],"self-supervised":[82],"learning":[83],"with":[84,105],"Cutout":[85],"data":[86],"augmentation,":[87],"Particle":[88],"Swarm":[89],"Optimization":[90],"(PSO)":[91],"feature":[93],"selection,":[94],"fine-tuning":[97],"strategy":[98],"that":[99,140,177],"merges":[100],"Parameter":[101],"Instance":[102],"Discrimination":[103],"(PID)":[104],"supervised":[106],"loss.":[107],"This":[108],"not":[109],"only":[110],"enhances":[111],"model\u2019s":[113],"convergence":[114],"speed":[115],"predictive":[117],"accuracy":[118,146,184],"but":[119],"also":[120],"meets":[121],"lightweight":[123],"requirements":[124,170],"networks.":[127,173],"Experimental":[128],"results":[129],"on":[130],"\u201cHCRL-car":[132],"hacking\u201d":[133],"dataset":[134,138],"\u201cX-CANIDS\u201d":[137],"demonstrate":[139],"our":[141,178],"achieves":[143],"over":[144],"99%":[145],"across":[147],"all":[148],"types":[149],"simulated":[154],"environment,":[156],"latency":[159],"each":[161],"message":[162],"averages":[163],"approximately":[164],"1.04ms,":[165],"fully":[166],"meeting":[167],"first-time":[169],"experiments":[175],"validate":[176],"method":[180],"significantly":[181],"improves":[182],"while":[185],"ensuring":[186],"efficient":[187],"operation":[188],"within":[189],"limited":[191],"computational":[192],"resources":[193],"available":[194],"in":[195],"vehicle":[196],"systems.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
