{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401634213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445288","title":"Cyberbullying Detection and Abuser Profile Identification on Social Media for Roman Urdu","display_name":"Cyberbullying Detection and Abuser Profile Identification on Social Media for Roman Urdu","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401634213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3445288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445288","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106561226","display_name":"Ayesha Atif","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayesha Atif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018292400","display_name":"Amna Zafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7270-7238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amna Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7270-7238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048958788","display_name":"Muhammad Wasim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9248-5540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Wasim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9248-5540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043183567","display_name":"Talha Waheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-5914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talha Waheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-5914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028264068","display_name":"Amjad Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-1017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92528248","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05","country_code":"QA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering (CSE), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-1017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering (CSE), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839","https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051893714","display_name":"Hazrat Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3058-5794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazrat Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3058-5794","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081437624","display_name":"Zubair Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7389-3274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92528248","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05","country_code":"QA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zubair Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering (CSE), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering (CSE), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839","https://openalex.org/I92528248"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.3905,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93231846,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"123339","last_page":"123351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9556999802589417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.7596291303634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6441022157669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6265941858291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5589526891708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43431556224823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39523082971572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.36484187841415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.25114375352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.10407114028930664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.7596291303634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6441022157669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6265941858291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5589526891708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43431556224823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39523082971572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.36484187841415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.25114375352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.10407114028930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3445288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.stir.ac.uk:1893/36289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1893/36289","pdf_url":"http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/retrieve/f51c81bf-ff23-44c5-a5e2-0068fa7a63cd/Cyberbullying_Detection_and_Abuser_Profile_Identification_on_Social_Media_for_Roman_Urdu.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400268","display_name":"Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","host_organization_name":"University of Stirling","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f4d53ec3d53a43b4aedab5f3f03d51d9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f4d53ec3d53a43b4aedab5f3f03d51d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 123339-123351 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/30023257","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Cyberbullying_Detection_and_Abuser_Profile_Identification_on_Social_Media_for_Roman_Urdu/30023257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3445288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3445288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334468","display_name":"Qatar National Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv93662"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068511562","https://openalex.org/W2092117737","https://openalex.org/W2283616305","https://openalex.org/W2798620412","https://openalex.org/W2806872289","https://openalex.org/W2994924639","https://openalex.org/W3032985518","https://openalex.org/W3099150152","https://openalex.org/W3105084515","https://openalex.org/W3135313574","https://openalex.org/W3169537275","https://openalex.org/W3184156786","https://openalex.org/W3190029247","https://openalex.org/W3199312537","https://openalex.org/W4213430631","https://openalex.org/W4214824945","https://openalex.org/W4225697732","https://openalex.org/W4238481634","https://openalex.org/W4280508117","https://openalex.org/W4281630822","https://openalex.org/W4297539653","https://openalex.org/W4312546421","https://openalex.org/W4312894902","https://openalex.org/W4313569896","https://openalex.org/W6796173010","https://openalex.org/W6980837655"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1588484110","https://openalex.org/W1566901819","https://openalex.org/W604003083","https://openalex.org/W597280011","https://openalex.org/W4310798948","https://openalex.org/W642060233","https://openalex.org/W4389314469","https://openalex.org/W4390236247","https://openalex.org/W2083227284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"today\u2019s":[1],"digital":[2],"era,":[3],"the":[4,16,50,129,158,175,179,191,198],"escalating":[5],"phenomenon":[6],"of":[7,19,44,52,111,131,157,160,204,208],"cyberbullying":[8,64,94,140],"is":[9,55],"a":[10,31,108,139,154,169],"pervasive":[11],"and":[12,46,72,99,162,206],"growing":[13],"concern.":[14],"With":[15],"increasing":[17],"prevalence":[18],"social":[20,53],"media":[21,54],"platforms,":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24],"Twitter,":[25],"online":[26],"abusive":[27,147],"behavior":[28,48],"has":[29,76],"become":[30],"significant":[32],"issue":[33],"that":[34,190],"often":[35],"leads":[36],"to":[37,137,152],"unpleasant":[38],"experiences":[39],"for":[40,92,134],"users.":[41],"Manual":[42],"detection":[43,65,141],"abnormal":[45],"bullying":[47,161],"within":[49,168],"realm":[51],"inherently":[56],"not":[57],"scalable.":[58],"Moreover,":[59],"most":[60],"existing":[61],"studies":[62],"on":[63,79,103],"have":[66],"been":[67,77],"predominantly":[68],"conducted":[69],"in":[70,85,95],"English":[71],"very":[73],"limited":[74],"work":[75],"done":[78],"Urdu":[80,97,113],"(a":[81],"widely":[82],"used":[83],"language":[84],"Asia).":[86],"This":[87],"paper":[88],"presents":[89],"an":[90,202],"approach":[91,181],"detecting":[93],"Roman":[96,112],"tweets":[98,114,164],"identifying":[100],"abuser":[101],"profiles":[102],"Twitter.":[104],"Firstly,":[105],"we":[106,120,144,177],"develop":[107,138],"text":[109],"corpus":[110],"with":[115,128,182,194,201],"user":[116],"profile":[117],"data.":[118],"Subsequently,":[119],"employ":[121],"Gated":[122],"Recurrent":[123],"Unit":[124],"(GRU)":[125],"model":[126,193],"coupled":[127],"application":[130],"word2vec":[132],"technique":[133],"word":[135],"embedding":[136],"model.":[142],"Furthermore,":[143],"present":[145],"temporal":[146],"tweet":[148],"probability":[149],"analysis":[150,156],"method":[151],"provide":[153],"nuanced":[155],"number":[159],"non-bullying":[163],"sent":[165],"by":[166],"individuals":[167],"specific":[170],"time":[171],"interval.":[172],"To":[173],"evaluate":[174],"performance,":[176],"compare":[178],"GRU-based":[180],"other":[183],"machine":[184],"learning":[185],"models.":[186],"The":[187],"results":[188,200],"show":[189],"GRU":[192],"lexical":[195],"normalization":[196],"gives":[197],"best":[199],"accuracy":[203],"97%":[205],"F1-measure":[207],"97%.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}