{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401567220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443810","title":"Two-Stage Feature Engineering to Predict Air Pollutants in Urban Areas","display_name":"Two-Stage Feature Engineering to Predict Air Pollutants in Urban Areas","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401567220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3443810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443810","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028298816","display_name":"Fareena Naz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9024-9843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fareena Naz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9024-9843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073275664","display_name":"Muhammad Fahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6259-5458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Fahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6259-5458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016427433","display_name":"Adnan Ahmad Cheema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2338-6247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800980681","display_name":"Ulster Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmdg365","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800980681","https://openalex.org/I4210166072"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Ahmad Cheema","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2338-6247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177","https://openalex.org/I2800980681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087658530","display_name":"Nguyen Trung Viet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5913-2858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182526193","display_name":"Thuyloi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04afshy24","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182526193"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Trung Viet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thuyloi University, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5913-2858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thuyloi University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182526193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021504988","display_name":"Tuan-Vu Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-2091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67061984","display_name":"NILU","ror":"https://ror.org/00q7d9z06","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67061984"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuan-Vu Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67061984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012976351","display_name":"Ruth F. Hunter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7315-0382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruth Hunter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7315-0382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049089848","display_name":"Trung Q. Duong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trung Q. Duong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028298816"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0912,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74057072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"114073","last_page":"114085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.7002612352371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollutant","display_name":"Pollutant","score":0.6495610475540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5479859113693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollutants","display_name":"Air pollutants","score":0.49106264114379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4492243826389313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4412824213504791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"Air pollution","score":0.4406968057155609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1363760530948639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.10645872354507446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.7002612352371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.6495610475540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5479859113693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987853052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollutants","level":3,"score":0.49106264114379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4492243826389313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4412824213504791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.4406968057155609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1363760530948639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.10645872354507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3443810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/55022b8d-8c71-4644-9e0f-4a377b14aa8f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/55022b8d-8c71-4644-9e0f-4a377b14aa8f","pdf_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/212255344/Two-Stage_Feature_Engineering_to_Predict_Air_Pollutants_in_Urban_Areas.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Naz, F, Fahim, M, Cheema, A A, Viet, N T, Cao, T-V, Hunter, R & Duong, T Q 2024, 'Two-Stage Feature Engineering to Predict Air Pollutants in Urban Areas', IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 114073-114085. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3443810","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/0ae72205-606c-4f89-8ba6-6b34b3edf0aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/0ae72205-606c-4f89-8ba6-6b34b3edf0aa","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/611064924/Two-stage_feature_engineering_to_predict_air_pollutants_in_urban_areas.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Naz, F, Fahim, M, Cheema, A A, Viet, N T, Cao, T-V, Hunter, R & Duong, T Q 2024, 'Two-stage feature engineering to predict air pollutants in urban areas', IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 114073-114085. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3443810","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14b018efa3fe46b98ee29e2c012386c4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14b018efa3fe46b98ee29e2c012386c4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 114073-114085 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nilu.brage.unit.no:11250/3147708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3147708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055147","display_name":"NILU Brage","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nilu.brage.unit.no:11250/3150986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3150986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055147","display_name":"NILU Brage","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:17034468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3443810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3443810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4686646904","display_name":"SPACE: Supportive environments for Physical and social Activity, healthy ageing and CognitivE health","funder_award_id":"ES/V016075/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7933856643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/V016075/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2476917595","https://openalex.org/W2914477964","https://openalex.org/W2946446522","https://openalex.org/W2952570801","https://openalex.org/W2955613755","https://openalex.org/W2984594917","https://openalex.org/W2990792561","https://openalex.org/W2990955039","https://openalex.org/W3110642941","https://openalex.org/W3120426593","https://openalex.org/W3137937485","https://openalex.org/W3152861131","https://openalex.org/W3162541787","https://openalex.org/W3165984234","https://openalex.org/W3173862815","https://openalex.org/W4206295579","https://openalex.org/W4206970692","https://openalex.org/W4210807862","https://openalex.org/W4225132481","https://openalex.org/W4225522953","https://openalex.org/W4226176939","https://openalex.org/W4282960200","https://openalex.org/W4304607404","https://openalex.org/W4309724676","https://openalex.org/W4376155532","https://openalex.org/W4379790925","https://openalex.org/W4381884147","https://openalex.org/W4382999298","https://openalex.org/W4383503783","https://openalex.org/W4385884977","https://openalex.org/W4386090510","https://openalex.org/W4386363041","https://openalex.org/W4387129520","https://openalex.org/W4388430683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169359190","https://openalex.org/W2392427421","https://openalex.org/W2717992184","https://openalex.org/W2141097079","https://openalex.org/W2944809113","https://openalex.org/W2391255140","https://openalex.org/W2156878610","https://openalex.org/W142713682","https://openalex.org/W4286275426","https://openalex.org/W2388169538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Air":[0],"pollution":[1,52],"is":[2,29,48,90,154,158,205,216],"a":[3,99,147,231,242],"global":[4],"challenge":[5],"to":[6,33,40,70,91,151,185,199,246,257],"human":[7],"health":[8,25],"and":[9,21,26,44,66,76,97,117,136,140,157,180,193,221,240,275,296,304],"the":[10,14,87,93,107,114,173,190,259,282,297],"ecological":[11],"environment.":[12],"Identifying":[13],"relationship":[15],"among":[16],"pollutants,":[17],"their":[18,187],"fundamental":[19],"sources":[20],"detrimental":[22],"effects":[23],"on":[24,189],"mental":[27],"well-being":[28],"critical":[30],"in":[31,61,166,208,290],"order":[32],"implement":[34],"appropriate":[35],"countermeasures.":[36],"The":[37,142,279],"way":[38],"forward":[39],"address":[41],"this":[42,85],"issue":[43],"assess":[45],"air":[46,51,162],"quality":[47,163],"through":[49],"accurate":[50],"prediction.":[53],"Such":[54],"prediction":[55],"can":[56],"subsequently":[57],"assist":[58],"governing":[59],"bodies":[60],"making":[62],"prompt,":[63],"evidence-based":[64],"decisions":[65],"prevent":[67],"further":[68,206],"harm":[69],"our":[71,82],"urban":[72],"environment,":[73],"public":[74],"health,":[75],"climate,":[77],"all":[78],"of":[79,95,109,219,261,284,294],"which":[80,105,153,215],"co-benefit":[81],"economy.":[83],"In":[84,170],"study,":[86],"main":[88],"objective":[89],"explore":[92],"strength":[94],"features":[96,176,182],"proposed":[98,241,285],"two":[100],"stage":[101],"feature":[102,121,197,213],"engineering":[103],"approach,":[104],"fuses":[106],"advantage":[108],"influential":[110],"factors":[111],"along":[112],"with":[113,287],"decomposition":[115],"approach":[116,286],"generates":[118],"an":[119,211,217],"optimum":[120,212],"combination":[122,214],"for":[123,301],"five":[124],"major":[125],"pollutants":[126],"including":[127],"Nitrogen":[128],"Dioxide":[129,134],"(NO2),":[130],"Ozone":[131],"(O3),":[132],"Sulphur":[133],"(SO2),":[135],"Particulate":[137],"Matter":[138],"(PM2.5,":[139],"PM10).":[141],"experiments":[143],"are":[144,183,255],"conducted":[145],"using":[146,172],"dataset":[148,174],"from":[149,160],"2015":[150],"2020":[152],"publicly":[155],"available":[156],"collected":[159],"Belfast-based":[161],"monitoring":[164],"stations":[165],"Northern":[167],"Ireland,":[168],"UK.":[169],"stage-1,":[171],"new":[175],"such":[177],"as":[178],"trigonometric":[179],"statistical":[181],"created":[184],"capture":[186],"dependency":[188],"target":[191],"pollutant":[192],"generated":[194],"correlation-inspired":[195],"best":[196],"combinations":[198],"improve":[200],"forecasting":[201,244,262],"model":[202,245],"performance.":[203],"This":[204,228],"enhanced":[207],"stage-2":[209],"by":[210],"integration":[218],"stage-1":[220],"Variational":[222],"Mode":[223],"Decomposition":[224],"(VMD)":[225],"based":[226],"features.":[227],"study":[229],"employed":[230],"simplified":[232],"Long":[233],"Short":[234],"Term":[235],"Memory":[236],"(LSTM)":[237],"neural":[238],"network":[239],"single-step":[243],"predict":[247],"multivariate":[248],"time":[249],"series":[250],"data.":[251],"Three":[252],"performance":[253,291],"indicators":[254],"used":[256],"evaluate":[258],"effectiveness":[260,283],"model:":[263],"1)":[264],"root":[265],"mean":[266,271],"square":[267],"error":[268,273,299],"(RMSE),":[269],"2)":[270],"absolute":[272],"(MAE),":[274],"3)":[276],"R-squared":[277],"(R2).":[278],"results":[280],"demonstrate":[281],"13%":[288],"improvement":[289],"(in":[292],"terms":[293],"R2)":[295],"lowest":[298],"scores":[300],"both":[302],"RMSE":[303],"MAE.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}