{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401567455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443343","title":"Yield Maximization of Flip-Flop Circuits Based on Deep Neural Network and Polyhedral Estimation of Nonlinear Constraints","display_name":"Yield Maximization of Flip-Flop Circuits Based on Deep Neural Network and Polyhedral Estimation of Nonlinear Constraints","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401567455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3443343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443343","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093708387","display_name":"Sayed Alireza Sajjadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6383-7483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112536369","display_name":"Yazd University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x99ac45","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112536369"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayed Alireza Sajjadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6383-7483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112536369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071856983","display_name":"Sayed Alireza Sadrossadat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6192-1167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112536369","display_name":"Yazd University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x99ac45","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112536369"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayed Alireza Sadrossadat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6192-1167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112536369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030387602","display_name":"Ali Moftakharzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5634-6815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112536369","display_name":"Yazd University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x99ac45","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112536369"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Moftakharzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5634-6815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112536369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008315931","display_name":"Morteza Nabavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7960-471X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morteza Nabavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7960-471X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082509767","display_name":"Mohamad Sawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-7272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133055985","display_name":"Westlake University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hfa4n20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Sawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advances-on-Chips Neurotechnologies (CenBRAIN Neurotech), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-7272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advances-on-Chips Neurotechnologies (CenBRAIN Neurotech), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133055985"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2814,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58916637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"113944","last_page":"113959"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.833299994468689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.833299994468689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.7166000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.7132999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5963755249977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","score":0.5911376476287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5793376564979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.5698351263999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5448628664016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flip-flop","display_name":"Flip-flop","score":0.5126129984855652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.46906778216362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flip","display_name":"Flip","score":0.4172012209892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3715039789676666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3375293016433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3223205804824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.252010315656662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10235241055488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.09230834245681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08168503642082214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5963755249977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5911376476287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5793376564979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.5698351263999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5448628664016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781007278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183406","display_name":"Flip-flop","level":3,"score":0.5126129984855652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.46906778216362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776591724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5459651","display_name":"Flip","level":3,"score":0.4172012209892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3715039789676666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3375293016433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3223205804824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.252010315656662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10235241055488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09230834245681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08168503642082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190283241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14599311","display_name":"Apoptosis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3443343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:59135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/59135/1/2024_Sajjadi_Yield_Maximation_Flip-flop_Circuits_Deep.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article de revue"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2bbeab0115fa470ea14ec7bf132bd1d9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2bbeab0115fa470ea14ec7bf132bd1d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 113944-113959 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3443343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973839642","https://openalex.org/W1986098720","https://openalex.org/W1997782294","https://openalex.org/W1999443132","https://openalex.org/W2008913623","https://openalex.org/W2014410358","https://openalex.org/W2079374105","https://openalex.org/W2090455930","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2169286256","https://openalex.org/W2216222290","https://openalex.org/W2329392419","https://openalex.org/W2346767916","https://openalex.org/W2626010172","https://openalex.org/W2768460200","https://openalex.org/W2903180046","https://openalex.org/W2906644324","https://openalex.org/W2946281845","https://openalex.org/W3001147182","https://openalex.org/W3013336438","https://openalex.org/W3016582401","https://openalex.org/W3019637499","https://openalex.org/W3088595028","https://openalex.org/W3092264955","https://openalex.org/W3107559600","https://openalex.org/W3121036806","https://openalex.org/W3196491533","https://openalex.org/W3211783727","https://openalex.org/W4200341038","https://openalex.org/W4210610588","https://openalex.org/W4210918606","https://openalex.org/W4224305250","https://openalex.org/W4225827639","https://openalex.org/W4229442478","https://openalex.org/W4229455242","https://openalex.org/W4285248925","https://openalex.org/W4289529935","https://openalex.org/W4312844959","https://openalex.org/W4365790165","https://openalex.org/W4386763825","https://openalex.org/W4389158755","https://openalex.org/W6847420264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944644673","https://openalex.org/W4394356971","https://openalex.org/W2936325888","https://openalex.org/W2482318635","https://openalex.org/W2733322820","https://openalex.org/W4256254028","https://openalex.org/W4236067172","https://openalex.org/W4248274330","https://openalex.org/W4301360729","https://openalex.org/W3142006478"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,90,121],"propose":[4],"a":[5,57,102],"method":[6,50],"based":[7],"on":[8],"deep":[9,123],"neural":[10,124],"networks":[11,125],"for":[12,42,61,132],"the":[13,34,92,117,153,171,182,208],"statistical":[14,158],"design":[15,25,39,160,183],"of":[16,148,157,184],"flip-flops,":[17],"taking":[18],"into":[19],"account":[20],"nonlinear":[21,93,129],"performance":[22,63,134,188],"constraints.":[23],"Flip-flop":[24],"and":[26,100,136,155,193,202],"manufacturing":[27],"are":[28,67,76],"influenced":[29],"by":[30,109,161],"random":[31],"variations":[32],"in":[33,83,116],"technological":[35],"process,":[36],"making":[37],"deterministic":[38],"approaches":[40],"inadequate":[41],"achieving":[43],"high":[44],"yields.":[45],"The":[46,146],"conventional":[47,209],"yield":[48,103,144,211],"maximization":[49,104,212],"using":[51],"Monte":[52],"Carlo":[53],"(MC)":[54],"simulation":[55,140],"is":[56],"time-consuming":[58],"process.":[59],"Also,":[60],"many":[62],"constraints,":[64],"either":[65],"there":[66],"no":[68],"analytical":[69,143],"formulations":[70],"or":[71],"if":[72],"they":[73,75],"exist,":[74],"not":[77],"sufficiently":[78],"accurate":[79],"to":[80,126,170,207],"be":[81],"used":[82,122],"circuit":[84,133,159],"optimization.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"these":[88,149],"challenges,":[89],"approximated":[91],"constraints":[94,189],"with":[95,141,186,198],"linearized":[96],"ones":[97],"(polyhedral":[98],"approximation)":[99],"performed":[101],"process":[105,191],"which":[106],"was":[107],"done":[108],"developing":[110],"our":[111,178],"first":[112],"proposed":[113,119,179],"method.":[114],"Then":[115],"second":[118],"method,":[120],"generate":[127],"precise":[128],"closed-form":[130],"models":[131],"metrics":[135],"also":[137],"replaced":[138],"MC":[139],"an":[142],"formula.":[145],"combination":[147],"techniques":[150],"significantly":[151],"enhances":[152],"speed":[154],"accuracy":[156],"employing":[162],"powerful":[163],"gradient-based":[164],"optimization":[165],"methods":[166],"that":[167,177],"converge":[168],"quickly":[169],"optimal":[172],"solution.":[173],"Experimental":[174],"results":[175,197],"demonstrate":[176],"approach":[180],"enables":[181],"circuits":[185],"various":[187],"under":[190],"variation,":[192],"achieves":[194],"more":[195],"optimum":[196],"much":[199],"fewer":[200],"iterations":[201],"less":[203],"CPU":[204],"time":[205],"compared":[206],"simulation-based":[210],"methods.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}