{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401537070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443066","title":"Enhancing Classification Accuracy of fNIRS-BCI for Gait Rehabilitation","display_name":"Enhancing Classification Accuracy of fNIRS-BCI for Gait Rehabilitation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401537070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3443066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443066","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001691981","display_name":"Hamza Shabbir Minhas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9528-8163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamza Shabbir Minhas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9528-8163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012471611","display_name":"Hammad Nazeer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2036-9601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hammad Nazeer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2036-9601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073746669","display_name":"Noman Naseer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2680-6403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noman Naseer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071160585","display_name":"Umar Shahbaz Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5263-1408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umar Shahbaz Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5263-1408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063267124","display_name":"Ali Ansari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5090-7813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179311214","display_name":"Gulf University for Science & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04d9rzd67","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179311214"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali R. Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mishref Campus, Hawally, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5090-7813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mishref Campus, Hawally, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179311214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087735486","display_name":"Raheel Nawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9588-0052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raheel Nawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["VC Office, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9588-0052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VC Office, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1788,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87643314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"117944","last_page":"117954"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9440000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8209871053695679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6407670974731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.5109888315200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.5096018314361572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.4232235848903656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3770343065261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.3223230838775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1620258390903473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10074424743652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09166848659515381}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8209871053695679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6407670974731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.5109888315200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.5096018314361572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.4232235848903656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3770343065261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.3223230838775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1620258390903473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10074424743652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09166848659515381}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3443066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f9d9cf4f43a347489e3afa433ed35349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f9d9cf4f43a347489e3afa433ed35349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 117944-117954 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3443066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3443066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541876825","https://openalex.org/W1980553000","https://openalex.org/W1987143349","https://openalex.org/W2005593275","https://openalex.org/W2010872261","https://openalex.org/W2045561515","https://openalex.org/W2049929913","https://openalex.org/W2063398621","https://openalex.org/W2070517798","https://openalex.org/W2098288514","https://openalex.org/W2114327899","https://openalex.org/W2205134163","https://openalex.org/W2540507509","https://openalex.org/W2574388714","https://openalex.org/W2606436201","https://openalex.org/W2609367342","https://openalex.org/W2611962423","https://openalex.org/W2762932129","https://openalex.org/W2787501644","https://openalex.org/W2793655178","https://openalex.org/W2796397123","https://openalex.org/W2884200845","https://openalex.org/W2887425726","https://openalex.org/W2919550154","https://openalex.org/W2943359087","https://openalex.org/W2945224141","https://openalex.org/W2982219546","https://openalex.org/W2999637798","https://openalex.org/W3008922215","https://openalex.org/W3023104628","https://openalex.org/W3026160363","https://openalex.org/W3028134170","https://openalex.org/W3048444210","https://openalex.org/W3082119294","https://openalex.org/W3084317986","https://openalex.org/W3091698088","https://openalex.org/W3100936064","https://openalex.org/W3121802580","https://openalex.org/W3137666915","https://openalex.org/W3138599705","https://openalex.org/W3153951116","https://openalex.org/W3162541751","https://openalex.org/W3196882782","https://openalex.org/W3198904986","https://openalex.org/W3199880317","https://openalex.org/W3199906533","https://openalex.org/W3201371312","https://openalex.org/W3206495896","https://openalex.org/W4213033850","https://openalex.org/W4214879618","https://openalex.org/W4220797347","https://openalex.org/W4224256130","https://openalex.org/W4283726916","https://openalex.org/W4283744101","https://openalex.org/W4287880017","https://openalex.org/W4292528167","https://openalex.org/W4306369272","https://openalex.org/W4313168548","https://openalex.org/W4321352025","https://openalex.org/W4327661986","https://openalex.org/W4376101070","https://openalex.org/W4378347318","https://openalex.org/W4383899642","https://openalex.org/W4385640602","https://openalex.org/W4399129829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202969339","https://openalex.org/W4237513258","https://openalex.org/W2044053727","https://openalex.org/W1994410349","https://openalex.org/W2258092894","https://openalex.org/W1989734657","https://openalex.org/W4226004263","https://openalex.org/W4210601529","https://openalex.org/W2528228280","https://openalex.org/W2757733761"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"improve":[1,161],"mobility":[2],"and":[3,6,22,27,41,79,112,123,132,212,229,251],"rehabilitation,":[4],"precise":[5],"adaptive":[7],"control":[8,24,62,187],"mechanisms":[9],"have":[10],"been":[11],"developed":[12],"for":[13,90,94,101,125,241],"lower":[14,64],"limb":[15,65],"exoskeletons.":[16,235],"Brain-computer":[17],"interface":[18],"(BCI)":[19],"provides":[20,57],"advanced":[21],"intuitive":[23],"of":[25,142,172,207,217,233,247],"assistive":[26,227],"rehabilitation":[28,49],"exoskeletons":[29],"to":[30,61,160,186],"aid":[31],"the":[32,52,74,148,231,239,245],"user.":[33],"Functional":[34],"near-infrared":[35],"spectroscopy":[36],"(fNIRS)":[37],"is":[38,210],"a":[39,58,63,153,222],"non-invasive,":[40],"portable":[42],"brain":[43,84],"imaging":[44],"modality,":[45],"gained":[46],"momentum":[47],"in":[48,51,181,189,225,244],"studies":[50],"last":[53],"decade.":[54],"This":[55,219],"study":[56],"novel":[59],"approach":[60],"exoskeleton":[66,188],"with":[67,138],"enhanced":[68,126],"classification":[69,127,162,170,194,215],"accuracy":[70,171,216],"using":[71,88,157,197],"fNIRS-based":[72],"BCI,":[73],"k-nearest":[75],"neighbors":[76],"(kNN)":[77],"classifier,":[78],"optimal":[80,136,139],"feature":[81,119],"combination.":[82],"The":[83,104,164],"signals":[85],"were":[86],"acquired":[87],"fNIRS":[89],"walking":[91],"vs":[92],"rest":[93],"twenty":[95],"healthy":[96],"participants,":[97],"having":[98],"ten":[99],"trials":[100],"each":[102],"participant.":[103],"statistical":[105],"measures:":[106],"mean,":[107],"peak,":[108],"variance,":[109],"skewness,":[110],"kurtosis,":[111],"slope":[113],"are":[114],"extracted":[115],"as":[116,134,202],"features.":[117],"Optimal":[118],"combination":[120],"was":[121,130,195],"analyzed":[122,131],"selected":[124,133],"accuracy.":[128],"kNN":[129,149],"an":[135,168],"classifier":[137],"\u2018k\u2019":[140],"(number":[141],"nearest":[143],"neighboring":[144],"data":[145,155],"points":[146],"that":[147],"considers":[150],"while":[151],"classifying":[152],"new":[154],"point)":[156],"elbow":[158],"method":[159,166],"performance.":[163],"proposed":[165],"achieves":[167],"average":[169,214],"<inline-formula":[173],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[174],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[175],"<tex-math":[176],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$88.19~\\pm":[177],"~2.55$":[178],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[179],"%,":[180],"offline":[182],"configuration.":[183],"In":[184],"order":[185],"online":[190,193],"settings,":[191],"simulated":[192],"performed":[196],"one":[198],"unknown":[199],"trial,":[200],"fed":[201],"real-time":[203],"signal.":[204],"Sliding":[205],"window":[206],"2.5":[208],"sec":[209],"used":[211],"achieved":[213],"97.5%.":[218],"research":[220],"represents":[221],"major":[223],"advancement":[224],"user-centric":[226],"technologies":[228],"advances":[230],"field":[232],"neuro-powered":[234],"It":[236],"also":[237],"lays":[238],"groundwork":[240],"future":[242],"advancements":[243],"integration":[246],"neuroimaging,":[248],"machine":[249],"learning,":[250],"rehabilitation.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}