{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401507006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3441725","title":"Control Plane Performance Benchmarking and Feature Analysis of Popular Open-Source 5G Core Networks: OpenAirInterface, Open5GS, and free5GC","display_name":"Control Plane Performance Benchmarking and Feature Analysis of Popular Open-Source 5G Core Networks: OpenAirInterface, Open5GS, and free5GC","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401507006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3441725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3441725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3441725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3441725","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018220773","display_name":"Tariro Mukute","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1785-024X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariro Mukute","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1785-024X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090959974","display_name":"Lusani Mamushiane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6334-0192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lusani Mamushiane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6334-0192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058324108","display_name":"Albert A. Lysko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7694-3513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert A. Lysko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7694-3513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089106497","display_name":"Elena-Ramona Modroiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8915-5044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena-Ramona Modroiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Next Generation Networks, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8915-5044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Next Generation Networks, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068460241","display_name":"Thomas Magedanz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5413-1388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Magedanz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Next Generation Networks, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5413-1388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Next Generation Networks, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052036746","display_name":"Joyce Mwangama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5756-282X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joyce Mwangama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5756-282X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":20.4511,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99241162,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"113336","last_page":"113360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.057100001722574234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.057100001722574234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.054099999368190765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.05090000107884407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.8211417198181152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6817470192909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.5280414819717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5172165632247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.4449554681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20932000875473022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08205854892730713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.8211417198181152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6817470192909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.5280414819717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5172165632247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.4449554681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20932000875473022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08205854892730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3441725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3441725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa30faab2f3b47dd8614508fbdf664b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa30faab2f3b47dd8614508fbdf664b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 113336-113360 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3441725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3441725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970216380","https://openalex.org/W2114226921","https://openalex.org/W2140920854","https://openalex.org/W2161482491","https://openalex.org/W2166880223","https://openalex.org/W2210981170","https://openalex.org/W2523268913","https://openalex.org/W2782818391","https://openalex.org/W2787870267","https://openalex.org/W2909905036","https://openalex.org/W2985906152","https://openalex.org/W3009411291","https://openalex.org/W3046899194","https://openalex.org/W3174434204","https://openalex.org/W4200284427","https://openalex.org/W4206065537","https://openalex.org/W4225874672","https://openalex.org/W4290991142","https://openalex.org/W4292406415","https://openalex.org/W4311926441","https://openalex.org/W6677156376","https://openalex.org/W6684159506","https://openalex.org/W6688032512","https://openalex.org/W6758579816","https://openalex.org/W6791958675","https://openalex.org/W6804342832","https://openalex.org/W6990750842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,157],"study":[1,57,77,220],"examines":[2],"the":[3,30,34,44,56,70,76,85,109,126,131,139,180,190,214,230],"maturity":[4],"and":[5,22,50,80,136,138,154,203,223,232],"state":[6],"of":[7,19,32,38,47,72,87,116,192,216,229],"open-source":[8],"5G":[9,20,66,93],"Core":[10],"(5GC)":[11],"networks,":[12,55],"with":[13,65],"a":[14,59,113,148],"focus":[15],"on":[16],"their":[17,134],"support":[18],"procedures":[21,51],"Network":[23],"Function":[24],"(NF)":[25],"operations.":[26],"The":[27,219],"research":[28],"emphasises":[29],"importance":[31],"optimising":[33,160],"virtualised":[35,217],"resource":[36],"usage":[37,215],"5GC":[39,54,73,88,202],"control":[40,89],"plane":[41,90],"functions.":[42,91],"Given":[43],"large":[45],"set":[46],"NF":[48,63],"operations":[49,64],"defined":[52],"for":[53,105,112,142,165,207],"presents":[58],"framework":[60],"that":[61,159,211],"correlates":[62],"procedures,":[67],"thus":[68],"facilitating":[69],"assessment":[71],"implementations.":[74],"Furthermore,":[75],"introduces":[78],"macro-benchmarking":[79],"micro-benchmarking":[81,124,155,172],"approaches":[82],"to":[83,98,118,195,204,226],"assess":[84],"performance":[86,153,182,197],"Our":[92,145],"traffic":[94,104],"generator":[95],"is":[96,163],"used":[97],"generate":[99],"User":[100],"Equipment":[101],"(UE)":[102],"registration":[103],"benchmarking.":[106],"Macro-benchmarking":[107],"measures":[108],"time":[110],"taken":[111],"specific":[114],"number":[115],"UEs":[117],"complete":[119],"UE":[120],"procedures.":[121],"In":[122],"contrast,":[123],"analyses":[125],"system":[127,168],"calls":[128],"made":[129],"by":[130],"5GC,":[132],"presenting":[133],"latency":[135],"frequency":[137],"processes":[140],"responsible":[141],"generating":[143],"them.":[144],"findings":[146],"revealed":[147],"direct":[149],"correlation":[150,191],"between":[151],"macro-level":[152],"results.":[156,233],"suggests":[158],"micro-level":[161],"implementations":[162],"crucial":[164],"enhancing":[166],"overall":[167],"performance.":[169],"Moreover,":[170],"examining":[171],"data":[173],"can":[174,212],"provide":[175,205],"valuable":[176],"insights":[177],"into":[178],"how":[179],"system\u2019s":[181],"will":[183],"scale":[184],"under":[185],"varying":[186],"workloads.":[187],"We":[188],"use":[189],"benchmarking":[193],"results":[194],"identify":[196],"improvement":[198],"points":[199],"in":[200],"each":[201],"recommendations":[206],"software":[208],"architectural":[209],"changes":[210],"optimise":[213],"resources.":[218],"includes":[221],"artefacts":[222],"source":[224],"code":[225],"enable":[227],"replication":[228],"work":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}