{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401387051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3440064","title":"Exploring Deep Learning-Based Visual Localization Techniques for UAVs in GPS-Denied Environments","display_name":"Exploring Deep Learning-Based Visual Localization Techniques for UAVs in GPS-Denied Environments","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401387051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3440064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3440064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3440064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3440064","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047057664","display_name":"Omar Y. Al-Jarrah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6212-9307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156983542","display_name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y8mtb59","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Omar Y. Al-Jarrah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Network Engineering and Security, Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Network Engineering and Security, Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017927386","display_name":"Ahmed S. Shatnawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-3298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156983542","display_name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y8mtb59","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed S. Shatnawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Network Engineering and Security, Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-3298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Network Engineering and Security, Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007298060","display_name":"Mohammad Shurman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-7947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156983542","display_name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y8mtb59","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad M. Shurman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Network Engineering and Security, Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-7947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Network Engineering and Security, Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012773511","display_name":"Omar A. Ramadan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156983542","display_name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y8mtb59","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar A. Ramadan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004034156","display_name":"Sami Muhaidat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-9399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Muhaidat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Engineering, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-9399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047057664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":26.7664,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99441757,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"113049","last_page":"113071"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7767461538314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.7647807598114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7322531938552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.620720624923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5776877999305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5696700811386108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.49374470114707947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4515109658241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4047859013080597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3969154953956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12396124005317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0872812271118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7767461538314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.7647807598114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7322531938552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.620720624923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5776877999305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5696700811386108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.49374470114707947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4515109658241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4047859013080597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3969154953956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12396124005317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0872812271118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3440064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3440064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c45aabf819ae4e429a17161db4dd527a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c45aabf819ae4e429a17161db4dd527a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 113049-113071 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3440064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3440064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6784034595","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20220556","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","funder_display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518189411","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2067170667","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2117228865","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2200124539","https://openalex.org/W2290947383","https://openalex.org/W2313528501","https://openalex.org/W2315992339","https://openalex.org/W2346062110","https://openalex.org/W2461937780","https://openalex.org/W2535547924","https://openalex.org/W2581686065","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2746411854","https://openalex.org/W2752517284","https://openalex.org/W2769611393","https://openalex.org/W2770182045","https://openalex.org/W2782715402","https://openalex.org/W2783437385","https://openalex.org/W2784158897","https://openalex.org/W2802896717","https://openalex.org/W2883299834","https://openalex.org/W2902446117","https://openalex.org/W2907271713","https://openalex.org/W2908896109","https://openalex.org/W2940612399","https://openalex.org/W2948690920","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2968394312","https://openalex.org/W2983056308","https://openalex.org/W2988154678","https://openalex.org/W2998110008","https://openalex.org/W3013204682","https://openalex.org/W3044810324","https://openalex.org/W3047057232","https://openalex.org/W3047581920","https://openalex.org/W3081044793","https://openalex.org/W3083997822","https://openalex.org/W3092933908","https://openalex.org/W3093125247","https://openalex.org/W3101294892","https://openalex.org/W3102327032","https://openalex.org/W3115212124","https://openalex.org/W3119367492","https://openalex.org/W3122349283","https://openalex.org/W3124420883","https://openalex.org/W3130014417","https://openalex.org/W3136363056","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3187674382","https://openalex.org/W3194573339","https://openalex.org/W4200029177","https://openalex.org/W4206548730","https://openalex.org/W4213453108","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4226145436","https://openalex.org/W4230375458","https://openalex.org/W4282970004","https://openalex.org/W4293228630","https://openalex.org/W4300716765","https://openalex.org/W4367042882","https://openalex.org/W4384207644","https://openalex.org/W4386996906","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6726882341","https://openalex.org/W6765060542","https://openalex.org/W6782844932","https://openalex.org/W6910546390"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W4384916587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"Aerial":[1],"Vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"have":[4],"proliferated":[5],"across":[6],"diverse":[7],"domains.":[8],"However,":[9],"optimal":[10],"UAV":[11,56],"operations":[12],"necessitate":[13],"precise":[14],"and":[15,46,54,102,115,125,135,152,185,199],"reliable":[16],"navigation":[17,52,62,201],"systems.":[18],"UAVs":[19],"predominantly":[20],"rely":[21],"on":[22,76,142,170],"the":[23,31,122,159],"Global":[24,32],"Navigation":[25],"Satellite":[26],"System":[27,34],"(GNSS),":[28],"such":[29,111],"as":[30,112],"Positioning":[33],"(GPS),":[35],"for":[36,71,203],"navigation.":[37],"Nevertheless,":[38],"GNSS":[39],"signals":[40,84],"are":[41],"susceptible":[42],"to":[43,105,181,194],"blockage,":[44],"reflection,":[45],"spoofing,":[47],"introducing":[48],"significant":[49],"risks,":[50],"including":[51,145],"loss":[53],"potential":[55,123,178],"loss.":[57],"This":[58,118],"research":[59,179],"investigates":[60],"cutting-edge":[61],"solutions,":[63],"emphasizing":[64],"deep":[65,97,138],"learning-based":[66,98,139],"visual":[67,99,108],"localization":[68,100,109],"approaches":[69,101,165],"tailored":[70],"UAVs.":[72,204],"Our":[73,156],"focus":[74],"is":[75,193],"scenarios":[77],"characterized":[78],"by":[79],"GPS-denied":[80],"environments":[81],"where":[82],"GPS":[83],"may":[85],"be":[86],"absent":[87],"or":[88],"unreliable.":[89],"We":[90],"provide":[91],"a":[92],"comprehensive":[93],"review":[94],"of":[95],"contemporary":[96],"compare":[103],"them":[104],"traditional":[106],"aerial":[107],"methods,":[110],"template":[113],"matching":[114],"feature":[116],"matching.":[117],"comparison":[119],"highlights":[120],"both":[121],"benefits":[124],"challenges":[126],"associated":[127],"with":[128],"these":[129],"approaches.":[130],"Furthermore,":[131],"we":[132,176],"systematically":[133],"evaluate":[134],"classify":[136],"recent":[137],"methods":[140],"based":[141],"main":[143],"criteria,":[144],"model":[146],"type/architecture,":[147],"reference":[148],"imagery,":[149],"operational":[150],"context,":[151],"resultant":[153],"accuracy":[154],"levels.":[155],"findings":[157],"underscore":[158],"substantial":[160],"promise":[161],"inherent":[162],"in":[163,187],"various":[164],"while":[166],"also":[167],"shedding":[168],"light":[169],"their":[171],"unique":[172],"deployment":[173],"challenges.":[174],"Finally,":[175],"discuss":[177],"directions,":[180],"inspire":[182],"further":[183],"innovations":[184],"progress":[186],"this":[188],"domain.":[189],"The":[190],"ultimate":[191],"goal":[192],"develop":[195],"more":[196],"accurate,":[197],"dependable,":[198],"secure":[200],"solutions":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}