{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401452532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3437291","title":"DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation With Application to e-Learning","display_name":"DeepFace-Attention: Multimodal Face Biometrics for Attention Estimation With Application to e-Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401452532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3437291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3437291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3437291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3437291","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076384133","display_name":"Roberto Daza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2109-7782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Daza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2109-7782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696020","display_name":"Luis G\u00f3mez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8540-6226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis F. Gomez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068081385","display_name":"Juli\u00e1n Fi\u00e9rrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-5656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Fierrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-5656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083125799","display_name":"Aythami Morales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-4785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aythami Morales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-4785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009955709","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Tolosana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-3066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruben Tolosana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-3066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078069400","display_name":"Javier Ortega-Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0557-1948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Ortega-Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0557-1948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics and Data Pattern Analytics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076384133"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.5494,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92561389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"111343","last_page":"111359"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8106595277786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6352944374084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6225171685218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5596303939819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5015482902526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4904026985168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.43777868151664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.4152626097202301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4128414988517761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8106595277786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6352944374084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6225171685218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5596303939819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5015482902526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4904026985168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.43777868151664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.4152626097202301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4128414988517761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3437291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3437291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2408.05523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.05523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.05523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.uam.es:10486/715742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10486/715742","pdf_url":"https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/10486/715742/1/10225921.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400964","display_name":"Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","host_organization_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0db682a408ce474e9d55162e44b7e7e6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0db682a408ce474e9d55162e44b7e7e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 111343-111359 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3437291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3437291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2353771500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-127641OB-I00 MICINN/FEDER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322755","funder_display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2599806858","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TED2021-131787B-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6240679289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TED2021-131787B-I00 MICINN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6689969123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HumanCAIC (TED2021-131787B-I00)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322755","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548915175","https://openalex.org/W1561392650","https://openalex.org/W1592415525","https://openalex.org/W1987995821","https://openalex.org/W2006193658","https://openalex.org/W2012885984","https://openalex.org/W2025384124","https://openalex.org/W2040048604","https://openalex.org/W2043066229","https://openalex.org/W2050041714","https://openalex.org/W2052770734","https://openalex.org/W2053101950","https://openalex.org/W2064741553","https://openalex.org/W2065073464","https://openalex.org/W2068941153","https://openalex.org/W2081846403","https://openalex.org/W2089986265","https://openalex.org/W2118002292","https://openalex.org/W2122098412","https://openalex.org/W2132268386","https://openalex.org/W2137243825","https://openalex.org/W2234281713","https://openalex.org/W2284800790","https://openalex.org/W2318888246","https://openalex.org/W2345031027","https://openalex.org/W2551090952","https://openalex.org/W2567229823","https://openalex.org/W2724238895","https://openalex.org/W2768836253","https://openalex.org/W2772490252","https://openalex.org/W2776154048","https://openalex.org/W2776637495","https://openalex.org/W2794783191","https://openalex.org/W2795960359","https://openalex.org/W2807126412","https://openalex.org/W2890656423","https://openalex.org/W2953127026","https://openalex.org/W2962925415","https://openalex.org/W2963409517","https://openalex.org/W2963433879","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W2978709302","https://openalex.org/W2995682556","https://openalex.org/W3000504755","https://openalex.org/W3034552680","https://openalex.org/W3037977024","https://openalex.org/W3088851054","https://openalex.org/W3089132866","https://openalex.org/W3098011883","https://openalex.org/W3117977527","https://openalex.org/W3171010171","https://openalex.org/W3185372235","https://openalex.org/W3208787894","https://openalex.org/W4205616319","https://openalex.org/W4293108673","https://openalex.org/W4295308382","https://openalex.org/W4297816351","https://openalex.org/W4318927056","https://openalex.org/W4379984088","https://openalex.org/W4382317571","https://openalex.org/W4385477846","https://openalex.org/W4387623802","https://openalex.org/W4390075275","https://openalex.org/W4394936006","https://openalex.org/W4401071145","https://openalex.org/W4401072596","https://openalex.org/W6605473999","https://openalex.org/W6690350302","https://openalex.org/W6714368783","https://openalex.org/W6743449970","https://openalex.org/W6771836848","https://openalex.org/W6810800091","https://openalex.org/W6849128552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4398164220","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2773864994","https://openalex.org/W2775620487","https://openalex.org/W1997400788","https://openalex.org/W2112393832","https://openalex.org/W2722112567","https://openalex.org/W4298012442","https://openalex.org/W2777738607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"introduces":[2],"an":[3,13,51],"innovative":[4],"method":[5,24,199],"for":[6,167,188],"estimating":[7],"attention":[8,152],"levels":[9],"(cognitive":[10],"load)":[11],"using":[12,170,204],"ensemble":[14],"of":[15,93],"facial":[16,81,116,162],"analysis":[17,82],"techniques":[18],"applied":[19],"to":[20,71,84,105,129],"webcam":[21],"videos.":[22],"Our":[23,77,198],"is":[25],"particularly":[26,173],"useful,":[27],"among":[28,122,155],"others,":[29],"in":[30,50,68,73,90],"e-learning":[31,52],"applications,":[32],"so":[33],"we":[34,125],"trained,":[35],"evaluated,":[36],"and":[37,101,119,143,146],"compared":[38],"our":[39],"approach":[40,78],"on":[41],"the":[42,86,91,106,137,175,180,205],"mEBAL2":[43,54,207],"database,":[44],"a":[45,127],"public":[46,206],"multi-modal":[47],"database":[48],"acquired":[49],"environment.":[53],"comprises":[55],"data":[56],"from":[57],"60":[58],"users":[59],"who":[60],"performed":[61],"8":[62],"different":[63],"tasks.":[64],"These":[65],"tasks":[66],"varied":[67],"difficulty,":[69],"leading":[70],"changes":[72],"their":[74],"cognitive":[75,88,107],"loads.":[76],"adapts":[79],"state-of-the-art":[80,202],"technologies":[83],"quantify":[85],"users\u2019":[87],"load":[89,108],"form":[92],"high":[94],"or":[95],"low":[96],"attention.":[97],"Several":[98],"behavioral":[99],"signals":[100],"physiological":[102],"processes":[103],"related":[104],"are":[109,164,185],"used,":[110],"such":[111],"as":[112,174],"eyeblink,":[113],"heart":[114],"rate,":[115],"action":[117],"units,":[118],"head":[120],"pose,":[121],"others.":[123],"Furthermore,":[124],"conduct":[126],"study":[128],"understand":[130],"which":[131],"individual":[132],"features":[133,163,184],"obtain":[134],"better":[135],"results,":[136],"most":[138],"efficient":[139],"combinations,":[140],"explore":[141],"local":[142,183],"global":[144,161],"features,":[145],"how":[147],"temporary":[148],"time":[149],"intervals":[150],"affect":[151],"level":[153],"estimation,":[154],"other":[156,181],"aspects.":[157],"We":[158],"find":[159],"that":[160],"more":[165,186],"appropriate":[166],"multimodal":[168],"systems":[169],"score-level":[171,195],"fusion,":[172],"temporal":[176],"window":[177],"increases.":[178],"On":[179],"hand,":[182],"suitable":[187],"fusion":[189,196],"through":[190],"neural":[191],"network":[192],"training":[193],"with":[194],"approaches.":[197],"outperforms":[200],"existing":[201],"accuracies":[203],"benchmark.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}