{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401070149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3435528","title":"Leaf-Shaped Antennas for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications","display_name":"Leaf-Shaped Antennas for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401070149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3435528"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3435528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3435528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3435528","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077578073","display_name":"Tapan Nahar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2673-2299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132999081","display_name":"Marwadi University","ror":"https://ror.org/030dn1812","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapan Nahar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2673-2299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132999081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017529282","display_name":"Sanyog Rawat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1001-3070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76777374","display_name":"Central University of Rajasthan","ror":"https://ror.org/056y7zx62","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76777374"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanyog Rawat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76777374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035332898","display_name":"Parul Pathak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131927718","display_name":"JECRC University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hjsag95","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131927718"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parul Pathak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JECRC University, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JECRC University, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131927718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047382742","display_name":"Pramod Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0321-7187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pramod Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0321-7187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067359494","display_name":"Jaume Anguera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3364-342X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5593406","display_name":"Universitat Ramon Llull","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9k2z50","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaume Anguera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Department, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3364-342X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Department, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":27.8409,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99483073,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"114338","last_page":"114357"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.5273880958557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-plane","display_name":"Ground plane","score":0.5166464447975159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.45168644189834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4393996596336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-gain","display_name":"Diversity gain","score":0.4323861300945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4322679340839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.41072767972946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4078964293003082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.38208112120628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.14699313044548035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.5273880958557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88764893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1547722","display_name":"Ground plane","level":3,"score":0.5166464447975159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.45168644189834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4393996596336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164785522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283966","display_name":"Diversity gain","level":4,"score":0.4323861300945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4322679340839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.41072767972946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4078964293003082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.38208112120628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.14699313044548035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3435528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3435528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32aeecb70e324d28a448d7cdf87b8978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/32aeecb70e324d28a448d7cdf87b8978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 114338-114357 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3435528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3435528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007540268","https://openalex.org/W2022152297","https://openalex.org/W2024710091","https://openalex.org/W2281071964","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2343480808","https://openalex.org/W2524482074","https://openalex.org/W2768517822","https://openalex.org/W2782874890","https://openalex.org/W2890423077","https://openalex.org/W2909105903","https://openalex.org/W2918098227","https://openalex.org/W2945384854","https://openalex.org/W2967720721","https://openalex.org/W2982296757","https://openalex.org/W3000423947","https://openalex.org/W3003406984","https://openalex.org/W3089293975","https://openalex.org/W3126939379","https://openalex.org/W3199267696","https://openalex.org/W3200136766","https://openalex.org/W4200246810","https://openalex.org/W4206311371","https://openalex.org/W4229014627","https://openalex.org/W4245629347","https://openalex.org/W4247177133","https://openalex.org/W4295357541","https://openalex.org/W4308793360","https://openalex.org/W4309913849","https://openalex.org/W6801181234"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2545343974","https://openalex.org/W2079455085","https://openalex.org/W2028879858","https://openalex.org/W3013692990","https://openalex.org/W4233256479","https://openalex.org/W4385143562","https://openalex.org/W2400319883","https://openalex.org/W3110694720","https://openalex.org/W2036271115","https://openalex.org/W2585623765"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,99,201],"research":[1],"community":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"more":[5],"interested":[6],"in":[7,11,76,135,141,153,183],"Nature-inspired":[8],"antenna":[9,73,204],"solutions":[10],"recent":[12],"years.":[13],"Well-known":[14],"organizations":[15],"all":[16],"around":[17],"the":[18,26,55,77,84,103,136,142,187,196,211,235,245,267],"world":[19],"have":[20],"set":[21],"up":[22],"labs":[23],"to":[24,118,158,162,190,243],"investigate":[25],"structures,":[27],"operations,":[28],"and":[29,48,66,69,81,93,112,121,129,161,173,194,216,219,250,262,284,311],"traits":[30],"of":[31,42,57,102,198,210,224,229,282,287,297],"creatures":[32],"that":[33],"exist.":[34],"One":[35],"valuable":[36],"method":[37],"is":[38,105,116,145,151,181],"investigating":[39],"geometrical":[40],"depictions":[41],"biological":[43],"shapes,":[44],"including":[45],"fractal":[46],"shapes":[47],"polarized":[49],"geometry.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"focuses":[53],"on":[54,272],"design":[56],"a":[58,108,132,164,221,273,279,285],"Leaf":[59],"shaped":[60],"antenna,":[61],"its":[62],"4\u00d71":[63,154,199],"corporate-fed":[64],"array,":[65],"spatial":[67],"diversity":[68,71,249,252,260],"pattern":[70,251],"MIMO":[72,239,253],"which":[74,257],"operates":[75],"sub-6":[78],"GHz":[79,215,218],"range":[80],"specifically":[82],"covers":[83],"5G":[85,320],"bands:":[86],"N77":[87],"(3.3-4.2":[88],"GHz),":[89,92],"N78":[90],"(3.3-3.8":[91],"N79":[94],"(4.7":[95],"GHz)":[96],"(4.4":[97],"GHz-5GHz).":[98],"radiating":[100,159],"element":[101],"array":[104,155,180,205],"modeled":[106],"like":[107],"natural":[109],"plant":[110],"leaf":[111],"defected":[113],"ground":[114,143],"plane":[115,144],"used":[117,152,182],"reduce":[119,191],"size":[120],"increase":[122,244],"bandwidth.":[123,265],"To":[124],"obtain":[125],"dual":[126],"band":[127],"characteristics":[128],"circular":[130],"polarization,":[131],"diagonal":[133],"slot":[134],"parasitic":[137],"metallic":[138],"elliptical":[139],"disc":[140],"used.":[146],"A":[147],"corporate":[148],"feed":[149],"network":[150,246],"for":[156,293,318],"excitation":[157],"elements":[160,189],"generate":[163],"high":[165],"gain":[166,197,223,313],"performance":[167,261],"by":[168],"ensuring":[169],"little":[170],"reflection":[171],"loss":[172],"good":[174,259],"impedance":[175],"matching.":[176],"Electromagnetically":[177],"coupled":[178],"hexagonal":[179],"T":[184],"shape":[185],"between":[186,213],"inter":[188],"mutual":[192],"coupling":[193],"increasing":[195],"array.":[200],"proposed":[202,268,315],"multiband":[203],"reflects":[206],"less":[207,230],"than":[208,231],"10%":[209],"power":[212],"3.4-4":[214],"4.51-5.2":[217],"achieves":[220],"maximum":[222],"6.55":[225],"dB":[226,233],"with":[227,278,302],"variations":[228],"3":[232],"across":[234],"full":[236],"operating":[237],"band.":[238],"configurations":[240],"are":[241,255,270,300],"required":[242],"capacity.":[247],"Spatial":[248],"antennas":[254,269,299,316],"designed":[256],"provides":[258],"sufficient":[263],"isolation":[264],"All":[266],"fabricated":[271,298],"commercially":[274],"available":[275],"FR4":[276],"substrate":[277],"dielectric":[280],"constant":[281],"4.3":[283],"height":[286],"1.6":[288],"mm,":[289],"making":[290],"it":[291],"inexpensive":[292],"mass":[294],"production.":[295],"Performance":[296],"compared":[301],"simulated":[303],"antennas.":[304],"Compact":[305],"size,":[306],"planar":[307],"design,":[308],"broad":[309],"bandwidth,":[310],"stable":[312],"make":[314],"suitable":[317],"sub-6GHz":[319],"application.":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}