{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400975187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3433536","title":"On Measuring Linkability of Multiple Protected Biometric Templates Using Maximal Leakage","display_name":"On Measuring Linkability of Multiple Protected Biometric Templates Using Maximal Leakage","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400975187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3433536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3433536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3433536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3433536","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042428131","display_name":"Hatef Otroshi Shahreza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8199-0098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatef Otroshi Shahreza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8199-0098","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052329970","display_name":"Yanina Y. Shkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2575-1762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanina Y. Shkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2575-1762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016330764","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Marcel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-9140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7495430","display_name":"Idiap Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05932h694","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00e9bastien Marcel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-9140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7495430"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2815,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47591629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"106618","last_page":"106630"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8988136053085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8254337906837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template","display_name":"Template","score":0.7083373069763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.6174687147140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6017556190490723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.49829983711242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4765894114971161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4152734875679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3557932674884796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33176976442337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19416853785514832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11455807089805603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8988136053085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8254337906837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82714645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438331","display_name":"Template","level":2,"score":0.7083373069763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.6174687147140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6017556190490723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.49829983711242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4765894114971161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4152734875679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3557932674884796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33176976442337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19416853785514832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11455807089805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3433536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3433536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1c98d5707a0448cd9085b43c48afc20a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c98d5707a0448cd9085b43c48afc20a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 106618-106630 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unil.ch:iris/278855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://iris.unil.ch/handle/iris/278855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055444","display_name":"IRIS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3433536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3433536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490122681","https://openalex.org/W1584467222","https://openalex.org/W1782190827","https://openalex.org/W1987266619","https://openalex.org/W2009360064","https://openalex.org/W2037894298","https://openalex.org/W2058308744","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2118971792","https://openalex.org/W2126237829","https://openalex.org/W2126960670","https://openalex.org/W2129905915","https://openalex.org/W2132602801","https://openalex.org/W2143486266","https://openalex.org/W2480951315","https://openalex.org/W2606842801","https://openalex.org/W2755909956","https://openalex.org/W2759738317","https://openalex.org/W2777595189","https://openalex.org/W2905396542","https://openalex.org/W2907847267","https://openalex.org/W2963778754","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2997756679","https://openalex.org/W2998261580","https://openalex.org/W3024869864","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3104110632","https://openalex.org/W3159177986","https://openalex.org/W3199528201","https://openalex.org/W4200048494","https://openalex.org/W4231663833","https://openalex.org/W4298143694","https://openalex.org/W4316924414","https://openalex.org/W4364322723","https://openalex.org/W4388117509","https://openalex.org/W4400527545","https://openalex.org/W6632317815","https://openalex.org/W6635966985","https://openalex.org/W6742897359","https://openalex.org/W6778434676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121300814","https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W4231091074","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W4388150944","https://openalex.org/W1886613375","https://openalex.org/W4236081792","https://openalex.org/W4250583430","https://openalex.org/W189451467"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,30],"the":[1,42,52,66,70,80,95,133,145,156,166,176,180,186,190,194,205,210],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,34,135,147,168,179,193,212,220],"biometric":[5,15,24,35,59,112,117,124,138,215],"recognition":[6,16],"systems,":[7,17,36,57,113],"users":[8],"can":[9,105],"be":[10],"simultaneously":[11],"enrolled":[12],"in":[13,55,65,144,171,197],"multiple":[14,23,108,136,148,161,213],"either":[18],"with":[19,189],"a":[20,32,114,121],"single":[21,115,122],"or":[22,119],"characteristics":[25],"(e.g.,":[26],"face,":[27],"voice,":[28],"etc.).":[29],"such":[31,56],"growth":[33],"it":[37],"is":[38,204],"important":[39],"to":[40,69,86,100,107,160],"secure":[41],"sensitive":[43],"information":[44,104],"used":[45],"within":[46],"these":[47],"systems.":[48],"In":[49,126],"particular,":[50],"considering":[51],"privacy":[53],"issues":[54],"several":[58],"template":[60,75],"protection":[61,76],"schemes":[62],"are":[63,226],"proposed":[64],"literature.":[67],"According":[68],"ISO/IEC":[71],"24745":[72],"standard,":[73],"each":[74,172],"scheme":[77],"should":[78],"satisfy":[79],"unlinkability":[81,88],"property.":[82],"While":[83],"previous":[84],"measures":[85],"evaluate":[87,165],"were":[89],"based":[90],"on":[91,131,208],"two":[92],"protected":[93,137,169,214],"templates,":[94,139],"adversary":[96,157],"may":[97],"have":[98],"access":[99,159],"more":[101],"information.":[102],"Such":[103],"correspond":[106],"templates":[109,170],"from":[110],"different":[111,153],"multi-modal":[116],"system,":[118],"even":[120],"unimodal":[123],"system.":[125],"this":[127,203],"paper,":[128],"we":[129],"focus":[130],"measuring":[132,209],"linkability":[134,143,167,182,192,211],"and":[140,164,184,223],"define":[141,152],"maximal":[142,181],"presence":[146],"similarity":[149,162],"scores.":[150],"We":[151,174],"scenarios":[154],"where":[155],"gains":[158],"scores":[163],"scenario.":[173],"investigate":[175],"theoretical":[177,187],"properties":[178],"measure,":[183],"compare":[185],"prediction":[188],"calculated":[191],"compositive":[195],"systems":[196],"our":[198,201,221],"experiments.":[199],"To":[200],"knowledge,":[202],"first":[206],"work":[207],"templates.":[216],"The":[217],"source":[218],"codes":[219],"measure":[222],"all":[224],"experiments":[225],"publicly":[227],"available.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}