{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400726849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3430037","title":"Co-Evolving Multi-Agent Transfer Reinforcement Learning via Scenario Independent Representation","display_name":"Co-Evolving Multi-Agent Transfer Reinforcement Learning via Scenario Independent Representation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400726849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3430037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3430037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3430037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3430037","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ayesha Siddiqua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5137-1426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","display_name":"Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d2sez20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayesha Siddiqua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5137-1426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001784302","display_name":"Siming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-1380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","display_name":"Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d2sez20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-1380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031503895","display_name":"Ayesha Siddika Nipu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1745920","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Platteville","ror":"https://ror.org/02xpkhc07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1745920"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayesha Siddika Nipu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1745920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048506833","display_name":"Anthony M. Harris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-2095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","display_name":"Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d2sez20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008561380","display_name":"Yan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-6991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-6991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.4041,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90159554,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"99439","last_page":"99451"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8456703424453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7520700693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.6317564845085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5431186556816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5417836308479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marl","display_name":"Marl","score":0.45056408643722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4285014867782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3553953170776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32533133029937744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8456703424453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7520700693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.6317564845085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5431186556816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5417836308479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92927620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184053","display_name":"Marl","level":3,"score":0.45056408643722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4285014867782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3553953170776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32533133029937744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3430037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3430037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bearworks.missouristate.edu:theses-5065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/4017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196450","display_name":"BearWorks (Missouri State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","host_organization_name":"Missouri State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MSU Graduate Theses","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:33914116d5e444a7944986aa55a1d74b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/33914116d5e444a7944986aa55a1d74b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 99439-99451 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3430037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3430037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5916448688","display_name":"RET Site: Computer Science Research Opportunity for Smart Environments (ROSE)","funder_award_id":"2302060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W805450154","https://openalex.org/W1589747210","https://openalex.org/W1985697265","https://openalex.org/W2019161083","https://openalex.org/W2020573190","https://openalex.org/W2058486367","https://openalex.org/W2097381042","https://openalex.org/W2114111347","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2169157770","https://openalex.org/W2174817438","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2404399993","https://openalex.org/W2574978968","https://openalex.org/W2576264401","https://openalex.org/W2617547828","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2749807327","https://openalex.org/W2756196406","https://openalex.org/W2770581177","https://openalex.org/W2921955147","https://openalex.org/W2963628712","https://openalex.org/W2963890729","https://openalex.org/W2966476822","https://openalex.org/W3112288498","https://openalex.org/W3118726239","https://openalex.org/W3149688139","https://openalex.org/W4206324902","https://openalex.org/W4210638461","https://openalex.org/W4226237817","https://openalex.org/W4286748781","https://openalex.org/W4296512904","https://openalex.org/W4379058580","https://openalex.org/W4389315154","https://openalex.org/W6674600207","https://openalex.org/W6682132143","https://openalex.org/W6683195989","https://openalex.org/W6685444988","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6735677848","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6743756900","https://openalex.org/W6744537943","https://openalex.org/W6910546390","https://openalex.org/W6922480057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126019709","https://openalex.org/W1702901972","https://openalex.org/W4249798507","https://openalex.org/W2069775250","https://openalex.org/W2032294417","https://openalex.org/W2152754392","https://openalex.org/W2118717649","https://openalex.org/W1989172970","https://openalex.org/W2196316523","https://openalex.org/W1899363654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-Agent":[0,19,88],"Reinforcement":[1],"Learning":[2],"(MARL)":[3],"is":[4,28],"extensively":[5],"utilized":[6],"for":[7,34,65],"addressing":[8],"intricate":[9],"tasks":[10,25],"that":[11,59],"involve":[12],"cooperation":[13],"and":[14,30,111,146,170,200,224],"competition":[15],"among":[16],"agents":[17],"in":[18,136,188],"Systems":[20],"(MAS).":[21],"However,":[22],"learning":[23,53,64,158,190],"such":[24],"from":[26,45,204],"scratch":[27],"challenging":[29],"often":[31],"unfeasible,":[32],"especially":[33],"MASs":[35],"with":[36,155],"a":[37,76,113,119,216],"large":[38],"number":[39],"of":[40,108,133,195,218,226],"agents.":[41],"Hence,":[42],"leveraging":[43,196],"knowledge":[44,169],"prior":[46],"experiences":[47],"can":[48],"effectively":[49],"expedite":[50],"the":[51,86,105,130,193,197,208,222],"MARL":[52,66,115,164,189],"process.":[54],"Prior":[55],"work":[56],"has":[57],"shown":[58],"we":[60,95,152],"successfully":[61],"facilitated":[62],"transfer":[63,157],"by":[67,103,176],"consolidating":[68],"various":[69],"state":[70],"spaces":[71],"into":[72,159],"fixed-size":[73],"inputs,":[74],"enabling":[75,104,162],"single":[77],"unified":[78],"deep-learning":[79],"policy":[80],"applicable":[81],"to":[82,98,166],"several":[83],"scenarios":[84,174],"within":[85,149],"StarCraft":[87],"Challenge":[89],"(SMAC)":[90],"environment.":[91],"In":[92],"this":[93],"study,":[94],"expand":[96],"SMAC":[97,101,219],"Multi-Player":[99],"enabled":[100],"(MP-SMAC)":[102],"dynamic":[106],"selection":[107],"training":[109,132],"opponents":[110,145,199],"introducing":[112],"co-evolving":[114,198],"framework,":[116,161],"which":[117],"creates":[118],"co-evolutionary":[120],"arena":[121,128],"where":[122],"multiple":[123,134],"policies":[124,135,165],"learn":[125],"simultaneously.":[126],"Our":[127],"comprised":[129],"simultaneous":[131],"diverse":[137],"scenarios,":[138,220],"pitting":[139],"them":[140],"against":[141],"both":[142],"static":[143],"AI":[144],"their":[147],"peers":[148],"MP-SMAC.":[150],"Furthermore,":[151],"integrate":[153],"co-evolution":[154],"curriculum":[156],"Co-MACTRL":[160,209],"our":[163],"systematically":[167],"acquire":[168],"skills":[171,202],"across":[172,215],"predetermined":[173],"organized":[175],"varying":[177],"difficulty":[178],"levels,":[179],"including":[180],"evolving":[181],"opponents.":[182],"The":[183],"results":[184],"revealed":[185],"significant":[186],"enhancements":[187],"performance,":[191],"demonstrating":[192],"advantage":[194],"maneuvering":[201],"obtained":[203],"different":[205],"scenarios.":[206],"Additionally,":[207],"learners":[210],"consistently":[211],"attained":[212],"high":[213],"performance":[214],"range":[217],"showcasing":[221],"robustness":[223],"generalizability":[225],"Co-MACTRL.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
