{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400410499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3424933","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Face Recognition Techniques, Trends, and Challenges","display_name":"A Comprehensive Review of Face Recognition Techniques, Trends, and Challenges","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400410499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3424933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3424933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3424933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3424933","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016386479","display_name":"H L Gururaj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. L. Gururaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-4812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040105848","display_name":"B C Soundarya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. C. Soundarya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5935-5285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048622848","display_name":"S. Baghavathi Priya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9168-7810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Priya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051463843","display_name":"J Shreyas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3427-4486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164861460","display_name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xzytt36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Shreyas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3427-4486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164861460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037708866","display_name":"Francesco Flammini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2833-7196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Flammini","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDSIA USI-SUPSI, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDSIA USI-SUPSI, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.499,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98956202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"107903","last_page":"107926"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7741096019744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6182187795639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5226754546165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5177423357963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5034438967704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4505234658718109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.42096731066703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.4150157570838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.28772658109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.11023297905921936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7741096019744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6182187795639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5226754546165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5177423357963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5034438967704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4505234658718109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.42096731066703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.4150157570838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28772658109664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11023297905921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3424933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3424933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c93e2f7324bc45c6b0b85d907110a786","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c93e2f7324bc45c6b0b85d907110a786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 107903-107926 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1453067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1453067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3424933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3424933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":126,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484953274","https://openalex.org/W1509966554","https://openalex.org/W1520696758","https://openalex.org/W1951319388","https://openalex.org/W1970456555","https://openalex.org/W1981660604","https://openalex.org/W2000771160","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2003154692","https://openalex.org/W2009611684","https://openalex.org/W2009850406","https://openalex.org/W2012552975","https://openalex.org/W2019464758","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2068355225","https://openalex.org/W2079447555","https://openalex.org/W2087914506","https://openalex.org/W2089824010","https://openalex.org/W2097308346","https://openalex.org/W2098805611","https://openalex.org/W2098947662","https://openalex.org/W2103560686","https://openalex.org/W2108920868","https://openalex.org/W2110093903","https://openalex.org/W2111866773","https://openalex.org/W2121451737","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2126530630","https://openalex.org/W2135962003","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2168934530","https://openalex.org/W2210593786","https://openalex.org/W2236346476","https://openalex.org/W2265356345","https://openalex.org/W2291368169","https://openalex.org/W2292056273","https://openalex.org/W2316140043","https://openalex.org/W2320256997","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2345305417","https://openalex.org/W2406031034","https://openalex.org/W2469110227","https://openalex.org/W2472885885","https://openalex.org/W2477554479","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2556247010","https://openalex.org/W2580947589","https://openalex.org/W2587034311","https://openalex.org/W2588595876","https://openalex.org/W2598887871","https://openalex.org/W2606980007","https://openalex.org/W2613061733","https://openalex.org/W2613969491","https://openalex.org/W2725104998","https://openalex.org/W2726216225","https://openalex.org/W2736633948","https://openalex.org/W2752042386","https://openalex.org/W2752633316","https://openalex.org/W2783750485","https://openalex.org/W2787857889","https://openalex.org/W2791052411","https://openalex.org/W2797558164","https://openalex.org/W2808215224","https://openalex.org/W2884954063","https://openalex.org/W2893019778","https://openalex.org/W2893905960","https://openalex.org/W2902127656","https://openalex.org/W2904640065","https://openalex.org/W2906361233","https://openalex.org/W2910603373","https://openalex.org/W2913294167","https://openalex.org/W2921036759","https://openalex.org/W2941609709","https://openalex.org/W2942331158","https://openalex.org/W2944556810","https://openalex.org/W2945170981","https://openalex.org/W2963212406","https://openalex.org/W2964239703","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2971058209","https://openalex.org/W2972032297","https://openalex.org/W2993474817","https://openalex.org/W3006126324","https://openalex.org/W3006561702","https://openalex.org/W3006627194","https://openalex.org/W3013873750","https://openalex.org/W3033840517","https://openalex.org/W3037747636","https://openalex.org/W3043683372","https://openalex.org/W3044338123","https://openalex.org/W3091074842","https://openalex.org/W3102661353","https://openalex.org/W3113483878","https://openalex.org/W3126522289","https://openalex.org/W3154569795","https://openalex.org/W3169129566","https://openalex.org/W3188877764","https://openalex.org/W3193645638","https://openalex.org/W3200503780","https://openalex.org/W3202703604","https://openalex.org/W3207583899","https://openalex.org/W4213312320","https://openalex.org/W4214556326","https://openalex.org/W4220984242","https://openalex.org/W4225855981","https://openalex.org/W4281712368","https://openalex.org/W4285241591","https://openalex.org/W4288282320","https://openalex.org/W4295873141","https://openalex.org/W4306953375","https://openalex.org/W4312402191","https://openalex.org/W4360611477","https://openalex.org/W4385810559","https://openalex.org/W4389248197","https://openalex.org/W4390533504","https://openalex.org/W4391807417","https://openalex.org/W4391855049","https://openalex.org/W6630649318","https://openalex.org/W6678412491","https://openalex.org/W6682644385","https://openalex.org/W6696840351","https://openalex.org/W6755263259","https://openalex.org/W6761941605","https://openalex.org/W6765865358","https://openalex.org/W6794214451","https://openalex.org/W6800651637"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2410053581","https://openalex.org/W2383658677","https://openalex.org/W3123203398","https://openalex.org/W1972473893","https://openalex.org/W2466435674","https://openalex.org/W2765200542","https://openalex.org/W2367893528","https://openalex.org/W3107784576","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"Recognition":[1],"(FR)":[2],"is":[3],"the":[4,53,74,115,129,138,155,160,165,197,201,228],"technology":[5],"used":[6,163],"to":[7,48,59,89,98,114,151,215],"identify":[8],"and":[9,32,86,110,136,179,186,207,222,231],"verify":[10],"individuals":[11],"based":[12],"on":[13,67],"their":[14,209],"facial":[15,69,107],"features.":[16],"In":[17],"recent":[18,167],"decades,":[19],"FR":[20,119,134,181],"plays":[21],"a":[22,61,80,174,217],"crucial":[23],"role":[24],"in":[25,128,170,204],"various":[26,81,99,145],"sectors":[27],"including":[28],"security,":[29],"healthcare,":[30],"banking,":[31],"criminal":[33],"identification.":[34],"For":[35],"effective":[36],"FR,":[37,171],"numerous":[38],"techniques":[39,85,135],"are":[40],"currently":[41],"under":[42],"development":[43],"which":[44,112,147],"range":[45,82,148],"from":[46,149],"appearance":[47,150],"hybrid":[49,152],"approaches.":[50,153],"Most":[51],"of":[52,83,101,118,124,132,140,177,194],"existing":[54,92],"methods":[55,143],"offer":[56],"diverse":[57],"solutions":[58,93],"describe":[60],"face":[62],"image":[63,178],"either":[64],"by":[65,72,164,224],"focusing":[66],"specific":[68],"features":[70,162],"or":[71],"considering":[73],"entire":[75],"face.":[76],"This":[77,211],"study":[78,158,199],"explores":[79],"such":[84],"challenges":[87],"related":[88],"FR.":[90],"The":[91,121],"were":[94],"analysed":[95],"with":[96],"respect":[97],"perspectives":[100],"inputs,":[102],"viz.,":[103],"illumination,":[104],"pose":[105],"variation,":[106],"expressions,":[108],"occlusions,":[109],"aging":[111],"led":[113],"prominent":[116],"implementation":[117],"systems.":[120],"primary":[122],"contribution":[123],"this":[125],"survey":[126,212],"lies":[127],"comprehensive":[130],"review":[131],"state-of-the-art":[133],"deriving":[137],"taxonomy":[139],"categorizing":[141],"these":[142],"into":[144,227],"classes":[146],"Moreover,":[154,196],"proposed":[156,198],"detailed":[157,175],"highlights":[159],"significant":[161],"most":[166],"research":[168],"developed":[169],"also,":[172],"provide":[173,216],"classification":[176],"video-based":[180],"methods,":[182],"highlighting":[183],"major":[184],"advancements":[185],"core":[187],"processing":[188],"steps":[189],"for":[190,220],"handling":[191],"huge":[192],"volume":[193],"datasets.":[195],"outlines":[200],"current":[202],"trends":[203],"available":[205],"datasets":[206],"emphasizing":[208],"enhancements.":[210],"also":[213],"aims":[214],"valuable":[218],"resource":[219],"researchers":[221],"practitioners":[223],"offering":[225],"insights":[226],"latest":[229],"developments":[230],"identifying":[232],"open":[233],"problems":[234],"that":[235],"require":[236],"further":[237],"investigation.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}