{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400314798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3423651","title":"Assessing Data Breach Factors Through Modern Crime Theory: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach","display_name":"Assessing Data Breach Factors Through Modern Crime Theory: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400314798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3423651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3423651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3423651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3423651","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023615894","display_name":"Narjisse Nejjari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1514-5686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126477371","display_name":"Mohammed V University","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8w8f84","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126477371"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106663","display_name":"International University of Rabat","ror":"https://ror.org/01t9czq80","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106663"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narjisse Nejjari","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRDA, Rabat IT Center, ENSIAS, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco","TICLab, International University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1514-5686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRDA, Rabat IT Center, ENSIAS, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126477371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TICLab, International University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106663"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062909705","display_name":"Karim Zkik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-8455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155865","display_name":"\u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure Angevine d'Informatique et de Productique","ror":"https://ror.org/058eyqd35","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155865"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim Zkik","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESAIP, Ecole d’Ingenieur, CERADE Angers, Saint-Barthélemy-d’Anjou, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAIP, Ecole d’Ingenieur, CERADE Angers, Saint-Barthélemy-d’Anjou, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012658403","display_name":"Hicham Hammouchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0572-218X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126477371","display_name":"Mohammed V University","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8w8f84","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126477371"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106663","display_name":"International University of Rabat","ror":"https://ror.org/01t9czq80","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106663"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hicham Hammouchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRDA, Rabat IT Center, ENSIAS, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco","TICLab, International University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRDA, Rabat IT Center, ENSIAS, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126477371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TICLab, International University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106663"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057324156","display_name":"Mounir Ghogho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-7867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106663","display_name":"International University of Rabat","ror":"https://ror.org/01t9czq80","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106663"]}],"countries":["GB","MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mounir Ghogho","raw_affiliation_strings":["TICLab, International University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco","Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TICLab, International University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106663"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065627637","display_name":"Houda Benbrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2797-212X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126477371","display_name":"Mohammed V University","ror":"https://ror.org/00r8w8f84","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126477371"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houda Benbrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRDA, Rabat IT Center, ENSIAS, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRDA, Rabat IT Center, ENSIAS, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126477371"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.469,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95849964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"92198","last_page":"92214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-breach","display_name":"Data breach","score":0.72137051820755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","score":0.572731614112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime","display_name":"Cybercrime","score":0.5169579386711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.4891550838947296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.46659353375434875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4480557441711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-guardian","display_name":"Legal guardian","score":0.4273505210876465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39479053020477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.17088031768798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.11343640089035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.11079970002174377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.72137051820755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.572731614112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.5169579386711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.4891550838947296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.46659353375434875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4480557441711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47867601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157509","display_name":"Legal guardian","level":2,"score":0.4273505210876465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39479053020477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.17088031768798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11343640089035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11079970002174377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3423651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3423651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3b5b53a3b1874d52bb1f0e3e4c4a7cfe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3b5b53a3b1874d52bb1f0e3e4c4a7cfe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 92198-92214 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3423651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3423651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136556427","https://openalex.org/W172857819","https://openalex.org/W1987258130","https://openalex.org/W1987864033","https://openalex.org/W1988623089","https://openalex.org/W1994849261","https://openalex.org/W2000571841","https://openalex.org/W2012575882","https://openalex.org/W2024419606","https://openalex.org/W2024509488","https://openalex.org/W2061288618","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2086685131","https://openalex.org/W2088945080","https://openalex.org/W2099408182","https://openalex.org/W2104709233","https://openalex.org/W2118338381","https://openalex.org/W2121377134","https://openalex.org/W2123354009","https://openalex.org/W2141580761","https://openalex.org/W2145708973","https://openalex.org/W2146833590","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2162540381","https://openalex.org/W2163650224","https://openalex.org/W2224675285","https://openalex.org/W2233528902","https://openalex.org/W2282632211","https://openalex.org/W2413018383","https://openalex.org/W2460403273","https://openalex.org/W2494850422","https://openalex.org/W2510119953","https://openalex.org/W2559729166","https://openalex.org/W2763016461","https://openalex.org/W2802250175","https://openalex.org/W2810661254","https://openalex.org/W2883577136","https://openalex.org/W2894950701","https://openalex.org/W2895779664","https://openalex.org/W2900781150","https://openalex.org/W2904799080","https://openalex.org/W2986072000","https://openalex.org/W2995666706","https://openalex.org/W3000312909","https://openalex.org/W3002643663","https://openalex.org/W3004534505","https://openalex.org/W3037863563","https://openalex.org/W3039346304","https://openalex.org/W3043801573","https://openalex.org/W3080958956","https://openalex.org/W3111792730","https://openalex.org/W3118716900","https://openalex.org/W3127456209","https://openalex.org/W3169005624","https://openalex.org/W3174785054","https://openalex.org/W3202607618","https://openalex.org/W3216312567","https://openalex.org/W4200000142","https://openalex.org/W4205181697","https://openalex.org/W4213099294","https://openalex.org/W4214809904","https://openalex.org/W4225686404","https://openalex.org/W4234806525","https://openalex.org/W4242275959","https://openalex.org/W4299846217","https://openalex.org/W4306160938","https://openalex.org/W4321606347","https://openalex.org/W4366087560","https://openalex.org/W4376876551","https://openalex.org/W4383335011","https://openalex.org/W4383751174","https://openalex.org/W4386014979","https://openalex.org/W6605524245","https://openalex.org/W6622660437","https://openalex.org/W6683716699","https://openalex.org/W6715586108","https://openalex.org/W6751460003"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W290578087","https://openalex.org/W2945752208","https://openalex.org/W1909205187","https://openalex.org/W2419171435","https://openalex.org/W2141050212","https://openalex.org/W145886080","https://openalex.org/W2277031441","https://openalex.org/W1527076863","https://openalex.org/W1964146424","https://openalex.org/W626714893"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"into":[1],"data":[2,34,43,128,157,175,205,256,264],"security":[3,14,21,59,69,97,244],"often":[4],"emphasizes":[5],"the":[6,10,38,54,68,77,106,116,120,154,166,193,196,201,216,220,223,226,235,240,248,251,260],"need":[7],"to":[8,13,17,57,92,95,114,127,146,164,187,219],"understand":[9],"factors":[11,55,88,118,170,254],"linked":[12],"breaches,":[15,257],"aiming":[16],"prevent":[18],"future":[19],"information":[20,58,96,138,243],"incidents.":[22,130],"The":[23,99,229],"advancement":[24],"of":[25,40,49,71,122,156,174,192,198,203,215,225,231,237,242,250,262,267],"digital":[26],"technology":[27],"has":[28],"made":[29],"safeguarding":[30],"an":[31],"organization\u2019s":[32],"sensitive":[33],"more":[35],"complex.":[36],"Despite":[37],"growth":[39],"research":[41],"in":[42,61,105,239],"security,":[44],"there\u2019s":[45],"currently":[46],"a":[47,161,189,212],"shortage":[48],"studies":[50,64,84],"that":[51,89],"specifically":[52],"investigate":[53,115,147],"contributing":[56],"breaches":[60],"organizations.":[62],"Previous":[63],"have":[65,85],"primarily":[66],"examined":[67],"posture":[70],"companies":[72],"and":[73,80,124,137,143,151,246,265],"organizations,":[74,208],"focusing":[75],"on":[76],"breach":[78,129],"type":[79],"location.":[81],"However,":[82],"few":[83],"explored":[86],"external":[87],"may":[90],"contribute":[91],"organizations\u2019":[93,140],"vulnerability":[94],"breaches.":[98,158,176],"current":[100],"study":[101,210,233,241],"addresses":[102],"this":[103,209,232],"gap":[104],"literature":[107],"by":[108],"integrating":[109],"modern":[110],"crime":[111,135],"theory":[112],"(MCT)":[113],"exogenous":[117,253],"influencing":[119,255],"victimization":[121],"public":[123],"private":[125],"organizations":[126],"We":[131,159],"use":[132,236],"insights":[133],"from":[134,206],"theories":[136],"about":[139],"technical,":[141],"organizational,":[142],"financial":[144],"aspects":[145],"how":[148],"attractiveness,":[149],"visibility,":[150],"guardianship":[152,268],"affect":[153],"likelihood":[155],"build":[160],"theoretical":[162],"model":[163,218],"explore":[165],"relationship":[167],"between":[168],"these":[169],"as":[171,259],"independent":[172],"predictors":[173],"A":[177],"covariance-based":[178],"structural":[179],"equation":[180],"modeling":[181],"(CB-SEM)":[182],"based":[183],"framework":[184],"is":[185],"developed":[186],"conduct":[188],"comprehensive":[190],"examination":[191,202],"dynamics":[194],"within":[195],"context":[197],"cybercrime.":[199],"Through":[200],"collected":[204],"4,868":[207],"demonstrates":[211],"good":[213],"fit":[214],"hypothesized":[217],"data,":[221],"supporting":[222],"validity":[224],"proposed":[227],"constructs.":[228],"results":[230],"validate":[234],"MCT":[238],"breach,":[245],"enable":[247],"identification":[249],"major":[252],"such":[258],"attractiveness":[261],"valuable":[263],"effectiveness":[266],"measures.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}